School of Law

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    THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIGRAY
    (Mekelle University, 2024-06-25) Meron Masresha
    This thesis examines the role of the media in promoting human rights. Central to the study is an effort to find out why the media decide to include human rights coverage as part of their programs as well as the portrayal of human rights elements in such programs. The main objective of this paper was to investigate and analyze the role of media in the promotion of human right in Tigray region. Accordingly, two major media organizations- Woyen newspaper and Wurayna Tigrigna magazine- were selected for the study. Both the interviews and documentary analysis provided data needed to answer the research questions. Findings from the interviews and the documentary reveal that the media do have a role to play in human rights promotion. Media organizations in Tigray are attempting to create awareness on human rights issues. Though they do not have regular columns on human rights agenda, they sometimes go to the extent of investigatory report. Despite these efforts, media organizations are faced with multiple challenges ranging from restrictive laws, lack of capacity in terms of staff and lack of necessary financial resources to do more on human rights. Accordingly, to achieve better contribution to the human rights situation in Tigray, there must be revisions of some of the laws; the linkage between human rights institutions and the media must be improved; and media should be supported with technical support (capacity building) and financial support
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    Analyzing the Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Safeguarding Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Ethiopia and Special Focus in Tigray
    (Mekelle University, 2025-03-21) Hamelmal Gebrekiristos
    This thesis critically examines the legal and institutional frameworks for the protection of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Ethiopia, with a special focus on the Tigray region. Despite hosting one of the largest IDP populations in Africa, Ethiopia lacks a comprehensive and binding legal and institutional framework dedicated to address the rights and needs of IDPs. This contrasts with the robust protections available to refugees under international law. The absence of constitutional provisions for conflictinduced displacement and the reservation placed by Ethiopia upon ratifying the Kampala Convention underscore these gaps. The research employed a qualitative Desk review analysis of international, regional, and national legal instruments, this thesis demonstrates that IDPs in Ethiopia particularly in Tigray are systematically left behind. Drawing upon field reports, agency publications, and academic commentary, this work identifies critical deficiencies in existing Ethiopian policies and legal mechanisms. It concludes that durable legal reform and institutional commitment are necessary to bridge the protection gap. This thesis affirms the urgent need for structural reforms to protect the dignity and rights of IDPs. Without comprehensive legal frameworks and operational institutions, displaced persons in Ethiopia and beyond will remain vulnerable to neglect, abuse, and statelessness within their own borders. The experience of Tigray must serve as a catalyst for rethinking IDP protection at all levels of governance.
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    Securing Informal Financial Institutions “equb”: Assessment of Legal and Practical Challenges
    (Mekelle University, 2025-06-17) Hadas Tekulu Belay
    n Ethiopia in general and Tigray in particular informal financial institutions are vast and play significant roles in the socio-economy. Equbs are among the informal financial institutions that are very common throughout the country and they serve both as saving and credit institutions. Equbs have evolved from very small grouping of friends and families for saving and consumption purposes into big institutions with significant financial transactions for commercial activities. Financial transactions of equb associations are traditionally managed through customary laws including the articles of association, guarantee agreement, attendance book and registration book. These customary laws do not give full guarantee to the security of the financial transactions of the equbs. As result of this, a research work was initiated with an objective to investigate the customary laws, legal and practical challenges in ensuring security of financial transactions of the equbs in Kedamay weyane sub-city of Mekelle city in Tigray National Regional State. The research methodology employed descriptive study depended more on qualitative data from the written documents of the equb, government policy, Journals and interview results from the administrators of the selected informal financial institutions, lawyers, and focal group discussions were used to collect data and information so as to enhance the findings. Accordingly, the analysis of the results of the data and information obtained from interviews of members and leaders of 10 equb associations in kedamay weyane sub-city, relevant government officials and legal advisors from Mekelle, revealed that the customary laws including the articles of associations and guarantee agreements lack transparency and this led to abuse the money of the members by the organizers of the equbs. Besides, the equb associations inflict different kinds of social sanctions on defaulting members and leaders of the equb which led to demoralizing and alienation of the defaulters from the society. Moreover, the research work indicated that the big equb associations like that of Rahwa have huge financial transactions which is becoming very challenging in administrating them properly and securely through the common customary laws and these associations need to be secured legally by giving legal personality to the associations through modern governing laws. On the other hand, the small size equbs, which are very significant in number with less defaulting practices are not interested in obtaining legal personality fearing the very bureaucratic nature of the governmental laws.
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    THE EFFECT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON CHILD LABOR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CASE OF ETHIOPIA
    (Mekelle University, 2025-06-17) BEYENESH G/TSADIK
    It is not rational to put a conclusion as trade liberalization is totally advantageous to developed countries and totally disadvantageous to those developing once. There is no conclusive finding about its effect on developing countries, According to empirical studies it's effect varies from country to country, from region to region within a single country and from sector to sector depending on different factors, like institutional quality, infrastructural development, level of economic development, social/income distribution, political stability and technological advancements. But it is inevitable fact that, the negative effects are more sever on developing countries children than developed countries. This study focuses on the negative effects of trade liberalization on children's of developing countries who are vulnerable groups in any society. It may affect child labour through different channels. The most obvious is the impact on child labour. The effect stems from changes in children’s ability to access basic goods, food, health or educational services. There is concern that decreased revenue from the reduction in tariffs could lead, to reduced government spending on social services such as education, health service etc and lack of access to such services increases child labor. This research adopted a library-based/ desk methodology i.e.it is done through readings and analysis of the primary and secondary sources of data/information that are related to the issue in question specifically and it is forward looking for Ethiopia. The data in this research are gathered from readings of primary and mostly secondary sources. The primary sources are such as the ILO convention, the Marrakesh agreement establishing the world trade organization 1994,The UN convention on the right of child, UDHR, ICCPR,ICESCR, African Charter on the rights and Welfare of Child etc and national laws like FDRE constitution, labour proclamation no.1156 /2019. The study also uses secondary sources obtained from various literatures, books, journals, articles, working papers, internet sources and researches. The main objective of the study is to examine the effect of trade liberalization on child labour in developing countries particularly, in the prospective analysis of the case of Ethiopia by taking a lesson from other developing countries that have already liberalized their trading system/ concluded bi-lateral free trade agreements. The reason why the writer opts to take experiences from Vietnam, Peru and Pakistan is that since all of these are categorized as developing countries with high prevalence of child labour and are countries under which tariff revenue is their major source of Government revenue like Ethiopia. Due to such similarities trade liberalization may affect Ethiopia in a similar way. Therefore based on findings in the above mentioned countries, the writer is interested to suggest some recommendations to the concerned bodies. The significance of the study is to inform stake holders what negative effects would trade liberalization have on children's labour iv and to find some guidelines in drafting policies. Policy drafters and law makers could give special attention to take into consideration this problem in order to minimize the effect of trade liberalization on children. Governments of developing counties themselves are also eager to attract FDI and are reluctant to respect and implement the core labor standards and this creates a golden opportunity for multinational corporations from developed countries to exploit the vulnerable groups like children. This is the case that has happened in Pakistan. The study conducted in Vietnam to assess the impact of trade liberalization on the school-work choices among Vietnamese children also reveals that, children living in provinces with higher exposure to tariff reductions due to the BTA with US were more likely to drop out of school and this adverse impact of BTA shock persisted over long period of time. There for what the researcher wants to recommend is that Ethiopia should first strengthen its economic capacity before its accession to the WTO and must be strict in implementing its labour law to protect and give priority to human right issues like child labour .The Ethiopian government should be committed and give special attention to this problem and shouldn't rush to join to the WTO before making enough preparations. Policies of the Ethiopian government should focus to benefit the children's of the poor specially poor rural children, because they can't share from the benefit of trade liberalization due to their marginalization. Policymakers should prioritize the design and implementation of targeted interventions aimed at maximizing the benefits of trade liberalization while mitigating its potential adverse effects.
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    Regulations of commercial banks in Somaliland a critical examination of the law and practices: A CASE OF COMMERCIAL BANK OF SOMALILAND
    (Mekelle University, 2024-06-21) Abdimalik kosar Mohamoud
    One of the major actors in the banking are commercial banks there are different types of banks which central bank and commercial banks are the main ones. Therefore, this study was assisting the Somaliland commercial bank in developing, how to develop and make the commercial bank sector policy more inclusive and recommendations on how to provide commercial bank, while meeting the needs of the various actors; and development of a bank document based on findings and opportunities for commercial bank of Somaliland and other development partners to assist in development of an inclusive financial sectors in Somaliland. The report also provides a framework for capacity building for both commercial bank and central bank. The study takes a capacity and gaps for banking Somaliland, by identifying commercial banks opportunities, policy imperatives as well as regulatory barriers to exploit these opportunities. The study is based on literature review and field assessment to analyze access to commercial banks in Somaliland. The main purpose of this work is to assess the adequacy of the laws regarding the regulation of commercial banks in Somaliland. Especially emphasis to the regulation of commercial act to that end, international literatures and practice as well as the pertinent legislations commercial bank in Somaliland will be analyzed thoroughly. Moreover, in order to see the practice of commercial bank in light of the applicable laws, the prevailing practice in the sector will be assessed. In addition to analyzing of the legislations, this research paper will also use interviewees and analyzing of data rendered in relation to commercial bank.