College of Health Sciences

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    Sero-prevalence and Predictors of Syphilis and HIV Co-infection among pregnant women attending ANC in Mekelle City of Conflict-Affected Tigray Region, Ethiopia: Evidence from Firth Penalized Regression
    (Mekelle University, 2024-11-21) SENAIT HADDIS
    Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly syphilis and HIV, significantly impact pregnant women in resource-limited countries, complicating treatment and increasing maternal and neonatal risks. In Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia, barriers including limited antenatal care (ANC) access, physiological vulnerability, behavioral risks, socio-economic constraints, and conflict further exacerbate the burden of these infections, underscoring the critical need for accurate prevalence data and identification of predictive factors. Objective: This study aimed to determine the sero-prevalence of HIV/syphilis co-infection and identify associated predictors among pregnant women attending ANC in Mekelle City. Method: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending ANC services in selected health facilities across Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia. A two-stage stratified sampling procedure was utilized to draw representative pregnant women under ANC from a health facility in each sub city. Data collection involved an interview-administered questionnaire and pregnant women’s registration books. Due to the relatively small sample size and rarity of co-infection events, Firth penalized logistic regression was employed for statistical analysis to mitigate bias and ensure model stability. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed to identify significant predictors. Result: Out of 438 pregnant women enrolled, the sero-prevalence of HIVsyphilis co-infection was 3.7% (95% CI: 1.87–5.43%). Significant predictors included sexual violence (frequency: 13.7%; AOR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.27–3.81, p=0.001), displacement (frequency: 41.1%; AOR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.10–2.32, p=0.043), frequent alcohol consumption (most frequent: 8.9%; AOR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.27–3.46, p=0.004), and limited ANC visits (frequency: 47.5%; AOR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.13–2.87, p=0.014). Conclusion & Recommendation: The high prevalence of HIV and syphilis co-infection rate underscores the need for targeted sexual violence prevention, improved ANC access, and integrated STI screening within ANC services in Mekelle City. Enhanced education on substance abuse and sexual health is essential.
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    UTILIZATION OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING SERVICE AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG HIV POSITIVE WOMEN ATTENDING ART CLINIC IN SOUTHERN TIGRAY-ETHIOPIA, 2024
    (Mekelle University, 2025-04-28) Asmelash Dargie
    Background: Cervical cancer is the second most cause of cancer deaths among reproductive age women in Ethiopia. It is six times more likely to occur in HIV positive than in the general population. Cervical cancer is both treatable and preventable if diagnosed and treated early. However, in Ethiopian among women who test positive for HIV, the utilization of cervical cancer screening is low. Its determinant factors were not well studied in the study area. This study aimed to assess utilization of CCS and the factors that influence its use among HIV-positive women receiving antiretroviral therapy at public health facilities. Objective: To assess cervical cancer screening service utilization and its associated factors among HIV positive women attending ART clinic in public health facilities Southern Tigray-Ethiopia, 2024. Methods and Material: Facility based cross sectional study design was conducted from May 30/2024 – July 30/2024. A total of 334 HIV positive women who come to the selected health facility in southern Tigray for HIV service were selected by systematic random sampling method. A pretested interviewer administer questionnaire was administered on 5% of the study participant. Data were collected by interviewer administer questionnaire; Collected were entered to Epi data version 7.2 and exported to SPSS version 27 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regressions was used to identify factors associated with outcome variable. Moreover, the final result was organized and presented in chart, diagram, graphic, textual and tabular form. Result: Among the 334 study participants, all of them involved in the study with the response rate of 100%. The magnitude of cervical cancer screening service among HIV positive women was 11.4% (95% CI: 8.1% - 15%). formal educational (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.2, 8.9), history of STI (AOR = 8.4; 95% CI: 2.2–32.32.), family history of cervical cancer (AOR = 7.73, 95% CI: 1.13– 52.65) and good knowledge (AOR = 15.07, 95%CI: 3.32–68.34) were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion and recommendation: the magnitude of cervical cancer screening service utilization among HIV positive women was very low. So, we suggest all health professional, world health organization and pathfinder international to work on community awareness creation and sensitization on cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening service
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    Assessment and Comparison of Serum Electrolyte Level among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with and without HIV Co-infection at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2023/2024
    (Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) Tsegay G/her Birhane
    According to a World Health Organization report from 2021, tuberculosis is a primary cause of morbidity and one of the top causes of mortality globally. It has been discovered that electrolyte and fluid imbalances, which are common in tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, have a significant role in morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess and compare serum electrolyte level among pulmonary tuberculosis patients with or without HIV co-infection at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, North Ethiopia. A comparative cross-sectional study utilizing a convenience sampling technique was used to sample 50 pulmonary tuberculosis patients with or without HIV co-infection at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in the period from October 2023 to December 2024. HIV-PTB co-infected patients and PTB without HIV co-infection who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using an interviewer administered structured questionnaire and medical record review. K-Light electrolyte analyser automachine analyser was used to determine the serum electrolyte status of pulmonary tuberculosis patients with or without HIV co-infection directly by taking 3 milliliters of venous blood. After checking for completeness and cleaning, the data were entered into Epi-data version 4.5 and exported into the SPSS software version 25 package for analysis, and the different variables were analyzed. Linear Regression was used to assess the relationship of anti-TB and ART Rx duration with serum electrolyte level. This study found that serum sodium levels were significantly higher in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients compared to those co-infected with HIV (132.65±4.15 vs. 130.28±4.09 mEq/L; p = 0.047). Conversely, serum potassium levels were significantly elevated in HIV-PTB coinfected patients (5.05±0.75 vs. 3.83±0.59 mEq/L; p = 0.000), and serum chloride levels were higher in PTB patients without HIV co-infection (103.42±3.16 vs. 100.61±5.10 mEq/L; p = 0.023). The study highlights the significantly higher level of serum sodium in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients without HIV co-infection compared to those co-infected with HIV. This study also showed a significantly higher level of serum potassium in HIV-PTB co-infected patients and significantly higher chloride level in PTB patients without HIV co-infection.
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    ADHERENCE TO ART AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG HIV INFECTED CHILDREN ON FOLLOW-UP AT MEKELLE GENERAL HOSPITA
    (Mekelle University, 2025-02-01) Selam Gebreslassie Weldetatyos
    Introduction: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a significant factor for the success of HIV treatment. The challenges are particularly serious in Sub-Saharan countries as the high rates of HIV/AIDS lead to greater numbers of affected individuals. The magnitude of this challenge remained large in developing countries like Ethiopia. In Tigray, though high rates of patient’s poor adherence are expected which is resulted from the war and associated siege there is limited evidence on adherence to ART particularly among children. Objective: to assess the level of adherence to ART and the factors associated among HIV infected children in Mekelle General hospital. Method: Using hospital based cross-sectional study design a total of 136 children age under 18 who was on ART. Census method of data collection was used. Then, the collected data was analyzed using SPSS27. Dependent variable was dictomized, then a descriptive, bi-variate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to see the frequency, measure the level of adherence and identify the determinate factor of good / poor adherence. The research was done on April 2024 by September 2024. Result and discussion: A total of 136 study participants were included. The level of ART adherence among children was 115 (84.6%). Majority of children are in the age of 10-18 years 98[72%] of all female are dominant number than male 80[58.8%] majority resides in Mekelle 122[87.9%]. No variable is found significant factor affecting adherence. Care givers of lower economic status [AOR=5.711(0.532-61.350)], self-care-giver type [AOR=3.332(0.356-31.227)], and those who were aware of their HIV serio status [AOR=1.202(0.433-3.334)] were more likely to adhere to ART treatment. On the other hand, the study showed the Sex of the child [AOR=0.922(0.360-2.361)], sex of the caregiver [AOR=0.493(0.181-1.341)] and caregivers with other occupation [AOR=0.450(0.050-4.036)], were less related to Adherence of ART medication. Caregiver’s forgetfulness (28.7%) and stigma of children (25%) were more likely the main reasons for missed doses. Conclusion and recommendation: The level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy was poor. This study indicated the level of adherence (84.6%) showed a difference with WHO requirements, 95%