College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources

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Genetic Diversity of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Genotypes to Post Flowering Drought Stress and Their Transpiration Efficiency
(Mekelle University, 2023-06-28) Yirgalem Tsehaye
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a staple food grain in many semi-arid and tropical areas of the world. Sorghum production is lower than its potential production in low land areas of Ethiopia due to pre and post flowering drought. Accelerating crop improvement in sorghum, a staple food for people in semiarid regions across drought prone areas of Ethiopia is vital. The general objective of this study was to identify superior genotypes and genomic regions that will be useful for genetic improvement of sorghum for drought prone areas of Ethiopia.
GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY TRAITS IN SORGHUM [Sorghum Bicolor (L) MOENCH] AND ITS SEED SYSTEMS IN TIGRAY NORTH ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2023-10-01) Shushay Welderufael Abrha
In the present study, frequency distribution, Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H′), and multivariate methods were used to estimate the phenotypic diversity in 110 sorghum genotypes growing in Tigray taking their districts of origin, geographical zones, and altitude classes into considerations for qualitative. Results showed that high and comparable trait distributions among the sorghum genotypes. The H′ computed for individual traits varied from 0.33 for grain form to 0.99 for grain plumpness with a mean of 0.83, which reveals huge diversity within the Farmers’ varieties. The estimated H′ of each trait pooled over districts of origin, zones, and altitude classes was high with an overall mean of 0.71, 0.74, and 0.70, respectively. Based on district of origin, the highest (0.84) and the lowest (0.46) H′ values were recorded for the Tahtay adyabo and Raya azebo districts, respectively. When the zones were considered, the highest (0.80±0.06) and the lowest (0.46) H′ values were recorded for the northwestern zone and southern zone, respectively. With respect to altitude classes, the highest (0.80) and the lowest (0.68) H′ value were recorded for 1001 m.a.s.l, and >1600 m.a.s.l, respectively. Disruptive selection is the most likely reason to maintain the huge diversity in the sorghum Farmers’ varieties. The treasure of diversity suggests the potential for exploitation in sorghum improvement and conservation programs. The ANOVA showed that the mean squares due to H′ values within the districts, geographical zones, and altitude classes were significalntly variable for most of the traits studied. The difference in discriminating the Farmers’ varieties within districts of origin, zones, and altitude classes demonstrate the phenotypic traits have different importance and contribution levels to the total variance explained.
Effect of Soil Physicochemical and Irrigation Scheduling on Yield and water productivity of Irrigated Maize (Zea Mays) at Haiba Irrigation Scheme, Tigray, North Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-01-28) Yemane Adane
In Tigray, traditional soil and water management practices have significantly undermined government efforts to achieve food security, particularly in areas with limited soil fertility and water resources. In such contexts, the application of soil fertility amendments and the adoption of appropriate irrigation techniques become critical priorities. This study aimed tevaluate the effects of soil physicochemical properties and irrigation scheduling on the yield and water productivity of irrigated maize (Zea mays) at the Haiba Irrigation Scheme, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural and soil and water management practices in the highlands of semi-arid Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for key physicochemical properties, including texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and essential nutrient levels. Concurrently, field trials were conducted to assess different irrigation schedules, notably conventional and regulated deficit irrigation strategies, during the critical growth stages of maize. The crop water requirements were estimated using CROPWAT 8 software, allowing for a comparative analysis of scientific (CropWat) and traditional farmers' irrigation scheduling methods based on yield, crop water productivity (CWP), irrigation water productivity (IWP), and economic water productivity (EWP) during the 2019 cropping season. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) across three sites with three replications, incorporating two treatments. Statistical analyses were performed using Minitab and SPSS software. Results indicated that yield and yield components, along with CWP and IWP metrics, were statistically higher in the CropWat scheduling treatments compared to traditional methods (p < 0.05). The total average water applied was 790 mm for the CropWat method and 886 mm for the traditional method, revealing that farmers applied 12% more water than recommended, leading to over-irrigation. The CropWat scheduling method resulted in a water savings of 96.4 mm, sufficient to irrigate an additional 0.2 hectares. Maize yields under CropWat scheduling reached 5.25 t/ha, significantly higher than the 2.32 t/ha achieved with traditional scheduling. The improved crop water productivity (CWP), irrigation water productivity (IWP), and economic water productivity (EWP) reinforce the recommendation for adopting CropWat-based irrigation scheduling at the Haiba Irrigation Scheme. For successful adoption, it is essential to improve farmers' irrigation water management skills through targeted training and technical support from experts.
Abundance and Habitat Use of White-billed Starling (Onychognathus albirostris) in Human Inhabited Landscape: in case of Endayesus Campus Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-18) Gebrekidan Teka
Ethiopia is known for its diverse and unique avifaunal resources. In modern sense the endemic and near endemic birds of Ethiopia can be used to provide early warning of environmental problems. This study was conducted from July 2023 to March 2024, covering both the wet and dry seasons. Limited research has been conducted on the abundance and habitat use of White-billed Starling. The objective of this study was to assess the abundance and habitat use of the White-billed Starling in the human-inhabited landscape of Endayesus Campus, Mekelle University Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. The study employed a line transect point count method to collect data on bird populations. The line transect point count method was specifically used for the bird survey. The study area was categorized into three habitat types: built areas, farmland, and forestland. Three, two, and one transects were established in each habitat type, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26 software for statistical analysis, Microsoft Office Excel for descriptive statistics, and generalized linear mixed models for advanced statistical modeling. The results indicate that the White-billed Starling exhibited the highest abundance during the dry season (1915 individuals) and the lowest abundance during the wet season (435 individuals) at Mekelle University Endayesus Main Campus. The highest abundance of White-billed Starlings was recorded in built-up areas during the wet (337) seasons. Conversely, the lowest abundance was observed in forest land (40) during the wet season and farmland (42) during the dry season. Human inhabited landscape appears to be a favorable habitat for White-billed Starlings and other bird species due to its abundant food resources and suitable nesting sites. The integration of White-billed Starlings into human-inhabited areas, such as urban landscapes, is crucial as these birds have been observed utilizing such environments for feeding, roosting, and breeding.
to assess the structure, composition and diversity traditional home garden agroforestry practice and associated with socioeconomic factors affecting its adoption by among smallholder farmers in Tahatay koraro district North-Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2024-07-28) Frezgi Tadesse
Home garden agroforestry practices are more sustainable in areas where there is population pressure and land scarcity. But home garden agroforestry projects commonly suffered from inadequate rates of adoption, and hence understanding farm and farming environment characteristics that affect decision made by farmers is crucial to overcome this problem. Against this background, this study examined structure, composition and diversity of traditional home garden agroforestry practice and associated with socioeconomic factors affecting its adoption and the role of home garden agroforestry in improving on the live hold of smallholder farmers. The sampled kebeles have been selected from T/koraro Woreda; mytmket, adigdad and myadrasha kebeles. A total of 362 households were interviewed to collect information and the determination of vertical and horizontal structure of the home garden agroforestry was conducted for 181 home gardens adopters. All woody species, herbaceous species and crops were counted and recorded in 5m x 5m and 1mx1m quadrants, respectively. Thus, home garden agroforestry has great potential for enhancing food production and farmers’ economic conditions in a sustainable manner through its positive contributions to household income. The finding of research using direct logistic regression suggests that age, education of the household head, credit access, extension service, land holding and livestock holding significantly (p<0.05) affected the adoption of home garden agroforestry technology in the study areas. The other variable such as sex, market accesses and family size was not statistically significant in the adoption of home garden agroforestry at study sites. Furthermore, a total of 34 plant species belonging to 18 families were recorded in sampled home gardens. Shannon diversity index of plant species in the study area were (H'=2.03). The studied home garden agroforestry system had complex structure both vertically and horizontally, which in turn provide economical benefit and ecological service to the households. Additional research is recommended to examine other factors associated with home garden agroforestry (HGAF) adoption, structure, composition and diversity of home garden agroforestry and additional study is needed to assess the contribution of home garden agroforestry practices in those areas for the community.
Effect of lactation stage, parity and season on physico-chemical properties and microbial quality of goat milk under smallholder farmers in Abergelle district Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-08-28) Daniel Kahsu Meresa
Goat milk is the most nutritious milk but susceptible to microorganisms. Goat milk in Tanqua Abergelle of Tigrai has been used traditionally and its level of quality affected by several factors. However there is limited knowledge on the factors affecting its quality. The objective of this study was to assess the physico-chemical properties and microbial quality of goat milk at different lactation stages, parity and season. A total of 80 Abergelle dairy goats were selected to collect 240 milk samples for analysis of Milk Density, Milk Composition, level of mastitis Esertia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) in three early, mid and late lactation stages, two parities and rainy and dry seasons. The study was arranged in factorial and Duncan’s multiple- range test method were used for mean separation at P<0.05. The study indicated, milk density was higher (p<0.05) in late lactation than early and mid-lactation. Whereas fat content was not significantly affected however numerical lower in early-lactation than the mid and late lactation, on the other hand SNF was stable between mid and late lactation. The milk microbial content, SCC and E-coli increased with increasing parity. The highest microbial level , SCC and E-coli content was recorded for early lactation and late lactation. The results from this study shows that microbial quality and physico-chemical properties and were not affected by season. Season didn’t affect, Moreover, parity and stage of lactation didn’t affect physico-chemical properties and microbial quality. The current study showed that goat milk quality and hygiene is affected by stage of lactation but not by season and parity. These result indicated that goat milk microbial quality may help to precisely implement milk hygiene and handling intervention under smallholder goat producers.
Production and reproductive performances, trait preferences, breeding practices and egg quality parameters of improved chickens: the case of Eastern zone of Tigray region, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-09-25) Aregawi Gebremariam Kindeya
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the production and reproductive performances, trait preferences, breeding practices, and egg quality traits of improved chicken breeds in rural, peri-urban, and urban production systems in Adigrat town and Ganta-afeshum woreda of Eastern Zone, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. A total of 180 improved chicken breed owners were randomly selected based on proportional sampling and interviewed with a pre-tested structured questionnaire and focus group discussion methods were used to collect data. Ranking index, chi-square, independent sample test, and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The result of these studies revealed that the average mean body weight, mean age pullets at first laying, and number of eggs laid/hen/year, of Bovans brown was (1.63±0.47, 2.01±0.36, 1.64±0.19 kg), (5.54±0.69, 4.88±1.025, 5.46±0.73 months), (188.89±24.81, 220.94±24.91, 204.96±23.68), and Sasso chicken was (2.51±0.89, 2.81±0.68, 2.71±0.47kg), (5.85±0.82, 5.12±1.17, 5.84±1.04 months), (172.47±25.02, 194.71±23.15, 180.11±28.76), in rural, urban and peri-urban settings, respectively. Regarding the quality of eggs, the average mean weight of eggs of Bovans brown and Sasso is 59.52±4.26, 62.21±5.71, 60.42±4.04gm and 54.09± 6.76, 57.154±9.485, 56.63±5.55gm, in rural, urban and peri-urban settings, respectively. The average mean yolk color measurement of eggs is (9.60±1.50, 7.75±1.55, 8.25±2.17) for Sasso and (8.20±1.70, 6.80±1.58, 7.30±1.30) for Bovans Brown chicken breeds in rural, urban and periurban settings, respectively. Egg yield for Bovans brown chicken and body weight for the Sasso chicken breed are the most important traits preferred by the respondents. Lack of vaccines and occurrence of disease, lack of scientific knowledge in chicken management, and shortage of balanced feed are the major constraints that decrease the production and reproductive performance of improved chickens reported by chicken producers. In conclusion, Bovans Brown chickens are a better option for farmers whose main objective is to maximize egg size because they produce eggs with a higher egg weight than Sasso chickens in all production methods. Sasso chickens, on the other hand, might be advantageous to anyone looking for a breed that balances the production of meat and eggs. Therefore, it is recommended that good husbandry and management practices such as feeding strategy, housing and health care is demanded. In addition, there should be an appropriate intervention in disease prevention and control activities to improve production and reproductive performances of chicken at a largest rate.
Evaluation of commercial layer feed quality, husbandry practice and marketing systems of improved chicken breeds in the case of Mekelle and Samre.Tigry, Northern Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-25) Mulugeta Berihun Kelkay
This study evaluates the commercial layer feed quality, husbandry practices, and marketing systems of improved chicken breeds in urban and peri-urban production systems in Northern Ethiopia, focusing on Mekelle and Samre. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and March 2019, involving 100 chicken owners. The study used both primary data (collected through household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews) and secondary data. Additionally, composite feed samples were analyzed chemically to assess feed quality. The findings reveal that the majority of chicken producers rely on purchased feeds, with 57.5% of respondents feeding their chickens three times a day. However, the quality of these feeds was found to be substandard, with the analyzed feed samples showing crude protein levels of only 8.2 %, far below the recommended 18%. Despite the widespread use of supplementary feeds, feed scarcity was common, particularly during the dry season. Housing practices varied, with most producers using semi-intensive systems, but many did not follow recommended housing designs, impacting chicken health and productivity. Health management practices were inconsistent, with only 68.7% of respondents vaccinating their chickens, primarily against Newcastle disease. The study also identified major constraints to improved chicken production, including poor feed quality, inadequate veterinary services, and lack of extension support. On the other hand, the availability of market access and credit facilities were seen as opportunities for growth in the sector. The study concludes that while there are significant challenges in the management and marketing of improved chicken breeds in Northern Ethiopia, there are also opportunities to enhance productivity through better feed quality, improved health management, and the development of formal marketing systems. The study recommends stricter regulation of feed quality, enhanced training and extension services for farmers, and the establishment of formal marketing structures to support the poultry industry in the region.
Assessment of Wild Edible Plants and Their Uses from Ex-closures of Kola Tembein and Degua Tembein Districts Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-28) Ametekiros Alemayoh
Wild edible plants are valuable resources for supplementing the staple food, ensuring food security, for income, ecological and socio-cultural values. Wild Edible plants are serving as crucial sources of supplementary food and essential nutrients, income/cash, traditional medicine, and various other uses for local communities in Ethiopia especially in Tigray region frequent drought and war happening so many times. If you consider the war and the siege happen in Tigray region for the past two years, it was very difficult to survive without the help of wild edible plants. The aim of this study was to assess the wild edible plants and their uses from ex-closures of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. To gather wild edible plant data direct observation, semi-structured interviews, group discussion were employed. For data collection respondents from three Keble (the smallest administrative unit) two districts were possessively selected for the data collection from the study area 210(172males and 38 females) respondents were selected purposely from 446 households specially ex-closure users by using simple random sampling, 18 participants were also included for the key informant interview and focused group discussion were carried out with 24 selected district, Keble extensions. The data was analyzed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, Statistical Package for Social Science such as (SPSS) software version 20. Preference ranking, direct matrix ranking, paired comparison. A total of 18 wild edible plants were identified. Wild edible plant species of the study area were diversified depending on their growth forms. Most of them are trees accounting for 13(72.22%) species followed by shrubs 5(27.78%). In addition to food values, these plants provide diverse benefits to the local community including income, medicine, soil and water conservation and bee forage. WEPs were mostly edible plant parts followed by fruits 88.90%, roots 5.55% and nectar's 5.55%. Regarding their mode of consumption, local communities consume WEP species as fresh raw, 77.8% as Fresh& dried 27.8% and roasted, 5.6% & mixed with milk 5.6%. These wild edible plants of the study area were under serious anthropological threats due to deforestation. Hence, need priority attention for conservation. Moreover, Comprehensive research and documentation are necessary to understand the production potential, nutritional composition, and overall contributions of WEPs to rural households in the study area.
Assessment of Wild Edible Plants and Their Uses from Ex-closures of Kola Tembein and Degua Tembein Districts Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-28) Ametekiros Alemayoh
Wild edible plants are valuable resources for supplementing the staple food, ensuring food security, for income, ecological and socio-cultural values. Wild Edible plants are serving as crucial sources of supplementary food and essential nutrients, income/cash, traditional medicine, and various other uses for local communities in Ethiopia especially in Tigray region frequent drought and war happening so many times. If you consider the war and the siege happen in Tigray region for the past two years, it was very difficult to survive without the help of wild edible plants. The aim of this study was to assess the wild edible plants and their uses from ex-closures of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. To gather wild edible plant data direct observation, semi-structured interviews, group discussion were employed. For data collection respondents from three Keble (the smallest administrative unit) two districts were possessively selected for the data collection from the study area 210(172males and 38 females) respondents were selected purposely from 446 households specially ex-closure users by using simple random sampling, 18 participants were also included for the key informant interview and focused group discussion were carried out with 24 selected district, Keble extensions. The data was analyzed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, Statistical Package for Social Science such as (SPSS) software version 20. Preference ranking, direct matrix ranking, paired comparison. A total of 18 wild edible plants were identified. Wild edible plant species of the study area were diversified depending on their growth forms. Most of them are trees accounting for 13(72.22%) species followed by shrubs 5(27.78%). In addition to food values, these plants provide diverse benefits to the local community including income, medicine, soil and water conservation and bee forage. WEPs were mostly edible plant parts followed by fruits 88.90%, roots 5.55% and nectar's 5.55%. Regarding their mode of consumption, local communities consume WEP species as fresh raw, 77.8% as Fresh& dried 27.8% and roasted, 5.6% & mixed with milk 5.6%. These wild edible plants of the study area were under serious anthropological threats due to deforestation. Hence, need priority attention for conservation. Moreover, Comprehensive research and documentation are necessary to understand the production potential, nutritional composition, and overall contributions of WEPs to rural households in the study area.
Effect of Intra row Spacing and varieties on Onion (Allium Cepa L.) bulb yield and yield components in Enderta District, Southeastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-28) Kflom Kahsay Berhe
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a crucial high-value crop cultivated worldwide, including in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Despite its economic importance, productivity of onion in Tigray, particularly in the study area, is very low. The use of poorly adapted or low-yielding varieties and improper plant spacing are among the most significant factors contributing to this low productivity. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the Gereb Geba irrigation scheme in Enderta District, Southeastern zone of Tigray, during the dry season of 2024 with the objective of identifying well-adapted improved varieties and optimal plant spacing to enhance onion productivity in the study area. Three varieties (Adama Red, Bombey Red, and Nasik Red) and four levels of intra-row spacing (5 cm, 7 cm, 9 cm, and 11 cm) were used as experimental materials. The treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data related to phenology, growth, yield, and yield components were collected and analyzed according to the standard procedures. The results indicate that the interaction effect of variety and intra-row spacing did not significantly affect the growth and yield parameters, except for the harvest index and unmarketable bulb yield. On the other hand, the main effect of variety significantly influenced the days to physiological maturity, plant height, marketable, and total yield of onions. Accordingly, Adama Red and Bombey Red are early-maturing varieties with significantly higher marketable yields (10.56 t ha⁻¹ and 10.57 t ha⁻¹) and total bulb yields (17.04 t ha⁻¹ and 14.9 t ha¹), respectively. Similarly, the main effect of intra-row spacing significantly influenced total bulb yield, marketable yield, and total biomass yield. In this regard, a narrow intra-row spacing of 5 cm showed significantly higher biomass yield (30.91 t ha⁻¹) and total bulb yield (17.72 t ha⁻¹) compared to the wider spacing. In conclusion, farmers in the study area are advised to adopt Adama red and Bombey Red varieties, along with narrower intra-row spacing (5-7 cm), for optimal yield production and productivity. Further research is also suggested in optimizing resource management and exploring the long-term effects of intra-row spacing on soil health.
Genetic Diversity in Finger Millet Collections for Agro-Morphological, Nutritional Traits, and its Seed Exchange Systems in Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-11-24) Fikre Hagos Abay
Finger millet, despite being one of the most neglected and underutilized crops worldwide, serves as an important food source for millions of poor farmers in Africa. This study examined 200 finger millet accessions collected from different regions of Ethiopia and other African countries, including Eritrea, Zambia and Zimbabwe obtained from the Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute. The experiment was carried out using a 20 x10 lattice design across three locations and over two growing seasons, in 2019 and 2020. Data were collected for quantitative traits, including grain yield, 1000 seed weight, tiller number per plant, finger number per panicle, finger length and width, plant height and days to maturity; qualitative traits such as seed pericarp persistent, glume color, seed color, finger branching, and ear shape; and nutritional traits including protein, starch, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents. The study also involved 160 respondents to analyze seed social network. The analysis of variance for quantitative traits showed highly significant (P≤0.01) variations among the tested genotypes. Three mega-environments were identified from the six tested environments, the first included Rama 2019 and Rama 2020, the second included Maiaini 2019 and Maiaini 2020, and the third included Zana 2019 and Zana 2020. Based on grain yield and other target traits, the GGE approach selected genotypes 203246 (21), 100022 (4), and 100020 (3) for Rama; 234184 (175), 229736 (114), and 233759 (143) for Maiaini; and 100022 (4), 203246 (21), and 229736 (114) for Zana. According to the frequency analysis of qualitative traits, all phenotypic classes, including seed pericarp persistence, glumes color, seed color, finger branching, and ear shape were observed across all countries of origin and altitude classes. However, the most frequent traits observed were non-seed persistence (46%), purple glume color (39%), black seed color (39%), and open ear shape (47%). Notably, brown seed color and persistent seed were absent in Zambia and Benishangul collections, respectively. The chisquare test showed significant (p≤0.05), highly significant (p≤0.01), and non-significant variations for the five qualitative traits across different countries. All the four qualitative traits, except for finger branching showed a high Shannon diversity index (H' ≥ 0.74) across various regions and altitude classes. However, the seed color showed a medium Shannon diversity index for Eritrea collections (H’ =0.65). In terms of protein content, it ranged from 5.15 to 9.35% with the highest value obtained from accessions 203574 and the lowest from 203358. The study found a minimum variation in starch content among different finger millet genotypes, with values ranging narrowly from 72% to 75% and an average of 72.99%. A similar trend was observed for moisture content.xxi On the other hand, there was a considerable variation among genotypes for mineral contents, including Ca (139 to 431mg/100g), Mg (120.85 to 525.50 mg/100g), Fe (3.4 to 30.68 mg/100g), and Zn (0.11 to 4.89 mg/100g). Notably, high concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn, and Fe were found in genotypes 234160, 203259, 203257, and 203262, respectively. Genotypes 234184, 100020, and 203246 exhibited impressive levels of Fe (28.16 mg/100g), Zn (3.15 mg/100g), and Ca (407 mg/100g), along with high grain yields of 3368, 4112, and 3693 kg ha-1, respectively. A survey of finger millet growing households revealed that out of the participants, 145 (90.4%) cultivated landraces (referred to as farmers’ varieties or FVs), while 16 (10%) grew improved varieties. Seed exchange primarily occurred between neighbors and relatives, with a higher seed flow rate observed within villages compared to outside. Seven farmers in central and six in the Northwest zones of Tigray played vital roles in the seed network as key players. Therefore, the promising genotypes that demonstrated high-yield production and stability in this study should be further tested in multiple environments alongside the released finger millet varieties to verify their superiority and adaptability.
The productive and reproductive performance of local and crossbred dairy cows kept under rural and urban production systems in Endamekoni and Maichew town, southern Tigray, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2024-11-28) Asmelash Birhanu
This study assessed the productive and reproductive performance of local and crossbred dairy cows in rural and urban production systems of Endamekoni wereda in southern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. The primary objective was to address the lack of sufficient information regarding the reproductive and productive performance of dairy cows in this region, particularly for crossbreds with varying levels of exotic blood. To categorize cattle in to specific exotic blood levels (50%, 50-62.5%, 62.5-75% and >75%) breeding records, herd or farm records and traceback generation. Crossbred cattle consistently outperformed local breeds across all exotic blood levels. Age at first service (AFS) was significantly lower in crossbreds: 31.8 months for 50-62.5% exotic blood, 29.26 months for 62.5-75% exotic blood, and 18.52 months for >75% exotic blood, compared to 39.62 months for local breeds. Similar trends were observed for age at first calving, calving interval (CI), days open (DO), and number of services per conception (NS/C). Family size was larger in rural households compared to urban ones. Male-headed households were more prevalent than female-headed ones. The average age of household heads was within a productive range. Higher herd sizes were observed in rural production systems. Grazing was the primary feed type in rural areas, while artificial insemination (AI) was more prevalent in urban areas. Factors hindering AI adoption included shortages of technicians, bull services, and inputs. Dairy farmers prioritized access to improved feed and breeds. Urban farmers showed a stronger preference for improved breeds. Opportunities for optimizing dairy cattle productivity included increased AI usage, favorable climate, and access to brewery by-products. This study provides valuable insights into the reproductive performance of local and crossbred dairy cows in Endamekoni wereda. The findings highlight the potential benefits of crossbreeding and the importance of addressing constraints related to AI adoption and feed availability. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective strategies to improve dairy cattle productivity and support sustainable livelihoods in the study area.
Effect of Intra-Row Spacing and Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Yield of components of Irrigated Onion in Northern Ethiopia By
(Mekelle University, 2024-12-25) Girmay Hailu Fikadu
A field experiment was conducted with the objective of investigating response of rates of organic(FYM) and inorganic (NPS) fertilizers and intra-row spacing on yield, yield components and nutrient uptake of Bombay red onion (Allium cepa L.) variety under irrigation condition at Felegdaero village, Mekelle in Tigray. The experiment was carried out in the offseason of 2024 at farmer’s field on Cambisols. The experiment was laid down in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement with three replications. The treatments applied were combinations of six levels of fertilizers (control (0), 50% FYM + 50% NPS, 25% FYM + 75% NPS, 75% FYM + 25% NPS, and 100% FYM + 0% NPS) and three levels of spacing (8 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm). Soil, agronomic and nutrient uptake data were collected and analyzed. The result of the study showed that bulb dry weight, marketable yield, total yield, biomass yield and harvest index of onion were significantly affected by the main effects and interactions of intrarow spacing and fertilizer applications and spacing levels. The maximum marketable and total biological yield of onion (27.500 t/ha) and (29.398t/ha) and 31806kg//ha were obtained from the main effect of 50% FYM + 50% NPS fertilizer at 10cm intra- row-spacing, while the minimum marketable and total yield of onion (18.796t/ha) and (23.981t/ha) were obtained from the control plot at spacing of 8cm. . The study also showed that the onion N, P and S uptake were significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by the main effect of FYM and NPS fertilizer rates and spacing. The optimum (170, 23.32 and 2001kg/ha) N, P, S uptake were recorded from plots that received 7.5t /ha-1 FYM and 123.3 kg/ha NPS fertilizer rates whereas, the lowest (118.3, 14.64 and 2284 kg/ha) N, P and S uptake were obtained from the unfertilized plots, respectively. Applications of FYM and NPS fertilizers at the rate of 7.5t /ha-1 FYM and 123.3 kg/ha at intra-row spacing of 10cm were economically feasible. Therefore, 7.5t /ha-1 FYM and 123.3 kg/ha NPS fertilizer rate at intrarow spacing at 10 cm should be recommended for Bombay red onion variety on Cambisols for Felegdaero village and other similar areas in Mekelle area.
Changes in Arenosol Bio-Physicochemical Properties, Chickpea Nodulation, and Finger millet Grain Nutrition as Influenced by different Faidherbia albida tree stand ages
(Mekelle University, 2024-12-25) Solomon Amare Hiluf
Declining land productivity due to severe land degradation is a persistent issue in many farming systems in Tigray, Ethiopia. Soil nutrient depletion and physical property deterioration on smallholder farms are fundamental biophysical causes contributing to reduce per capita food production in Ethiopia. Consequently, farmers are trapped in a vicious cycle of ecological degradation and poverty. Addressing this challenge through nature-based solutions is imperative, with the harnessing of agroforestry plant species, such as Faidherbia albida hereafter F. albida, being among several ecological options. F. albida is a nitrogen-fixing tree species found in parkland and agro-ecosystems, renowned for its unique reversed leaf phenology (shedding foliage during the rainy season). This characteristic makes F. albida an ideal agroforestry species, distinct from other tree species that also enhance soil fertility. Several studies have highlighted F. albida's potential to improve soil fertility and productivity on marginal soils, although comprehensive studies are necessary for a thorough understanding. This study initiated to comprehensively understand the effects of varying stand ages of F. albida on selected soil bio-physicochemical properties, cereal crop growth and nutritional content, rhizobia population density, nodulation and growth of grain legumes in Arenosols. The research was conducted in Abraha-Atsbeha, a semi-arid village in Tigray, Ethiopia, where different stand ages of F. albida are prevalent but detailed knowledge on their impacts on soil attributes is lacking. Field and laboratory data were carefully collected and analyzed using advanced analytical techniques and statistical methods. Soil physicochemical properties were analysed using advanced instrumentation and analytical methods. Ultravialet visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) spectroscopy for soil and plant nitrogen forms, available phosphorus, and soil organic carbonviii whereas Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and flame photometer were used for determination of mineral concentrations in soil and plant samples (AAS for Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn and flame photometer for K and Na). Biological parameters such as total microbial biomass, fungi-to bacteria ratios, nematode trophic composition and abundance, and rhizobia population density were also quantified using established methodologies. Normality, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post Hock tests and comparisons were done using SPSS V 20 statistical software while canonical correspondence analysis (CANOCO) software was used to analysis and understand the relationships among all the soil physicochemical and biological variables.
Ziziphus Spina-Christi population status and socioeconomic contributions in Tanqua-Millash Woreda, Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) Aregawi Gebremeskel Aregawi
Trees are crucial for the livelihoods and food security of rural households, especially those providing direct and indirect benefits. This thesis focuses on Ziziphus Spina-Christi, aiming to examine its population status, production capacity, economic contribution, and social importance in the Tanqua-Millash Woreda of Tigray, Ethiopia. Data were collected using purposive sampling from two Tabias known for Ziziphus Spina-Christi prevalence, along with systematic random sampling of 138 households. Quantitative data were gathered through structured questionnaires, while qualitative insights were captured through key informant interviews, enhancing the understanding of community practices related to the tree. Tree height metrics were measured, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23. Findings indicate notable differences in the population status of Ziziphus SpinaChristi based on sex and wealth classification. The average male abundance was higher at Sheka-tekli (19) compared to Amdi-woyane (13), while females exhibited a higher mean at Sheka-wekli (20) than at Amdi-woyane (15). Location significantly affected the population status, with Sheka-tekli (19) exceeding Amdi-woyane (14) (p < 0.001). There were also significant variations across wealth categories (p = 0.029), showing that Rich groups had a greater abundance than Poor (p = 0.005) and medium groups (p = 0.043). The regeneration status did not show an inverse J-shape, indicating a concerning population health. Production varied by tree size class, location, gender and wealth status. Ziziphus Spina-Christi plays a vital role in local economies, contributing an average of 9,569 Ethiopian birr to annual household income. Wealthier households reported higher economic returns (11,791 birr) compared to poorer ones (7,056 birr), with male respondents yielding more than females. Beyond its economic value, Ziziphus Spina-Christi significantly enhances food security through its fruits, livestock shade, and materials for traditional medicine and construction. This study highlights the urgent need for effective conservation and sustainable management strategies to bolster community resilience against climatic challenges
Drought and Sustainable Intensification Technologies Adoption in Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) Abrhaley Gebrehiwot
The agricultural productivity of Ethiopia is highly influenced by rainfall variability. Understanding the relationship between drought and the adoption of multiple Sustainable Intensification Technologies (SITs) is important for informed decision-making. The SITs were well recognized for their important contribution in improving agricultural yield and improving resilience. To achieve the objectives, this study employs two waves of nationally representative data from the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS). The socioeconomic data was integrated with the historical monthly rainfall data from 1981 to 2022, obtained from the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS). Using this historical rainfall data, it was constructed various drought indices and presented with multiple model specifications. While the primary focus was to examine the effect of drought on SIT adoption, it was also estimated that models that control for additional covariates identified in the literature as determinants of SIT adoption, using the Multivariate Probit (MVP) model. The findings of the study indicated that exposure to drought during survey year’s decreases the adoption of high-risk SITs, such as inorganic fertilizer, while increasing the adoption of risk-reducing SITs, such as manure and irrigation. Moreover, most of the correlation coefficients among the SITs were positive, indicating that smallholder farmers tend to adopt multiple SITs simultaneously. These results had significant implications for the adoption of SITs particularly under extreme climate conditions like drought
THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION INTERVALS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD TRAITS OF ONION (Allium cepa L.) VARIETIES IN RAMA ADIARBAETE, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-01) Kidane Gebresamial Gebrekidan
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops in Ethiopia which is used almost daily as a spice and vegetable in the local dish. It is a shallow-rooted crop that requires frequent irrigation to achieve a high yield. Inconsistent or suboptimal irrigation regimes can lead to yield variability among onion varieties. This study was aimed, to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals on the growth and yield traits of onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and determine optimal irrigation intervals for maximizing crop and water productivity. The experiment was conducted at Rama Adiarbaete, central zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Split plot design was used to conduct the experiment; by considering four irrigation intervals (5, 8, 11 and 14 days) assigned in the main plot and three onion varieties (Bombay red, Adama red and Red creole) assigned in the sub-plots with three replications. The climatic data of Rama Adiarbaete wereda was taken from Adwa meteorological station. Water requirements of onion were computed using the cropwat model 8.0. The results showed that the onion Bombay red variety irrigated at 5 day interval produces higher marketable bulb yields (12.23 t ha-1), harvest indexes (80%) and water productivity (3.52kg m-3) than Adama red and Red creole. In addition to this, at 8 day irrigation intervals, Bombay red scored the highest harvest index (75.30%), marketable bulb yield (11.05 t ha-1) and water productivity (3.097kg m-3) which was followed by Adama red variety (71.88%, 10.43t ha-1, 2.96kg m-3) respectively. According to the economic analysis, also Bombay red irrigated at 5 days interval resulted in 443% MRR over Bombay red irrigated at 8 days interval and residually ranked first. This could be due to the higher marketable yield of Bombay red when irrigated at 5 days intervals. Therefore, farmers in the study area and similar location should have to use 5 days irrigation interval and use the Bombay red variety when there is accessible labor. However, when there is limited availability of labor in the study area, they have to irrigate the Bombay red variety every 8days interval for higher productivity and profitability. In case of the scarcity of Bombay red seeds, farmers could use Adama red onion seeds as an option in the study area. The findings should be refined further by taking up multi season data and by measuring soil water characteristics in multi locations.
Nitrogen rate, Plant Density and Weeding effect on Weed Dynamics and Yield of Onion (Allium cepa L) under Irrigated Condition in Enderta District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-01) Birtukan Gebrekiros
plots. In addition, maximum marketable yield (9965 kg/ha), total bulb yield (9992 kg/ha) were recorded from weeded plots. Higher bulb shape index (1.3) which is considered as non-desirable was found on weedy plots. Plant density had significant effect on leaf length, bulb weight, bulb diameter as well as bulb shape index. The highest leaf length (33.7cm), bulb weight (53.6g), and bulb diameter(4.4cm) was obtained at high plant density from hand weeded plots. Onion bulbs had highest shape index (1.2) at plant density of 333,333 plants/ha on hand weeded plots. Likewise, N rate had significant effect on days to 90% maturity and bulb length. The highest bulb length (5cm) was recorded from hand weeded plots received 46kg N ha-1. Onion maturity was delayed when N was applied at a rate of 69 kg N ha-1 on hand weeded plots. Except hand weeding, all other factors did not have significant effect on onion marketable yield, unmarketable yield and total bulb yield. Maximum marketable yield (9,965 kg/ha) was obtained from hand weeded plots and the lowest marketable yield (4758) was recorded from un weeded plots. Generally, weeds cause a yield loss of (52.2) %. In conclusion, weed species found in onion field were comprised of a wide range of annual species in life cycle and broad leaf in nature of growth habit. Hand weeding resulted in weed dynamics and shifted weed-crop competition advantage in favor of the crop. It influenced the crop throughout its growth and development. Variation in amount of N rate fertilizer resulted in weed dynamic and influenced only bulb length. However, plant density did not have visible effect on weed and the crop’s growth, development and productivity. In recommendation. The experiment has to be repeated in more location and season to make a conclusive recommendation
Effect of mulching types and varieties on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Raya Azebo, southern zone of Tigray
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-01) Tsirha Gidey
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most significant vegetable crops in the Solanaceae family and one of the most widely consumed fruit vegetables in the world valued for nutritional benefits and economic impacts. However, the cultivation of tomatoes faces various agronomic challenges including low soil fertility, water stress, soil erosion and weed competition, which can adversely affect plant growth and over all yield. The experiment was conducted under irrigation condition from March–July 2024 at Mekelle University, agricultural research and innovation centre Mekoni site, Southern Tigray to evaluate the best mulching types and to screen tomato varieties based on their growth, yield performance and resistance to diseases. It was done in a randomized complete block design with three tomato varieties (Roma VF, Gelilama and Melka shola), three mulching types (white plastic, black plastic, grass) and with as no mulch. Data on plant height, number of primary branches per plant, weed density, soil moisture, disease incidence and severity, fruit diameter, fruit number per plant, total yield per plant, average fruit weight, total yield, marketable yield, unmarketable yield, total soluble solid (TSS) and fruit texture were collected and analysed using GENSTAT, 15th edition. The Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare between treatment means using a significance level of α = 0.05. The findings showed that strong interactions between mulching types and tomato varieties, while both black and white plastic mulches improved yield and quality parameters. Black plastic mulch appeared the most effective in weed suppression, moisture retention,. In regards to the varieties, Gelilama appeared the most resilient and productive under various mulch conditions, while it may be more prone to disease, its potential for higher economic return due to greater yield fruit quality could make it a viable option for grower, whereas Melka Shola demonstrates high fruit numbers. Based on the current study, white plastic mulch with Gelilama variety is an effective strategy for enhancing tomato yield. However further research on the interaction of drip irrigation with mulching and both breeding and management practices can be conducted to explore its efficiency on tomato production and disease management practices.