Ecology of the Common Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) and its Conflict with the Local Community in Gibe Sheleko National Park

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the population size, feeding ecology, activity patterns, human- hippopotamus (hippo) conflict, and knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the local community regarding the hippo in Gibe Sheleko National Park (GSNP). The research was conducted from June-August 2023 to JanuaryMarch 2024. Total ground counts, field observations, interviews, and questionnaires were used to collect data. The activity patterns were analyzed using scan sampling, while diet analysis involved identifying plant species based on feeding signs. A total of 22.67±7.47 individuals were recorded in the wet season, and 162.66±12.95 during the dry season, with a significant difference (F=131.407, P<0.05) in population size between the two seasons. In Boketa Seritii, Site Four had the highest average number of hippos, with 24±23.34 individuals, while Gibe Yabare, Site Six averaged 15.33±12.13 individuals. No significant differences in hippo populations were observed between the sites in the study area (F = 1.853, P > 0.05). The population comprised 92.5% adults and 7.5% young, with a sex ratio of 1:0.9 (male to female). Feeding and traveling activities peaked in the early morning and late afternoon, while resting peaked at midday. Hippos consumed 13 plant species from seven families, with Eriochloa fatmensis (17.1%), Typha latifolia (13.7%), Echinocloa pyramidalis (12.6%), and Cynodon dactylon (11.0%) being the most common. The main causes of human-hippo conflict were crop damage (60.4%), overgrazing (32.9%), and human injury and death (6.7%). While all respondents were aware the existence of hippo, only 36.18% supported conservation efforts, with 63.82% expressing no benefit from hippo conservation. Therefore, by fostering a better understanding of the ecological and economic importance of hippos, stakeholders can work towards sustainable management practices that benefit both the local community and the wildlife, ensuring the long- term preservation of this vital species in Gibe Sheleko National Park.