Department of Dryland Crop and Horticulture Sciences

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.mu.edu.et/handle/123456789/124

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 24

Genetic Diversity of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Genotypes to Post Flowering Drought Stress and Their Transpiration Efficiency
(Mekelle University, 2023-06-28) Yirgalem Tsehaye
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a staple food grain in many semi-arid and tropical areas of the world. Sorghum production is lower than its potential production in low land areas of Ethiopia due to pre and post flowering drought. Accelerating crop improvement in sorghum, a staple food for people in semiarid regions across drought prone areas of Ethiopia is vital. The general objective of this study was to identify superior genotypes and genomic regions that will be useful for genetic improvement of sorghum for drought prone areas of Ethiopia.
GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY TRAITS IN SORGHUM [Sorghum Bicolor (L) MOENCH] AND ITS SEED SYSTEMS IN TIGRAY NORTH ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2023-10-01) Shushay Welderufael Abrha
In the present study, frequency distribution, Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H′), and multivariate methods were used to estimate the phenotypic diversity in 110 sorghum genotypes growing in Tigray taking their districts of origin, geographical zones, and altitude classes into considerations for qualitative. Results showed that high and comparable trait distributions among the sorghum genotypes. The H′ computed for individual traits varied from 0.33 for grain form to 0.99 for grain plumpness with a mean of 0.83, which reveals huge diversity within the Farmers’ varieties. The estimated H′ of each trait pooled over districts of origin, zones, and altitude classes was high with an overall mean of 0.71, 0.74, and 0.70, respectively. Based on district of origin, the highest (0.84) and the lowest (0.46) H′ values were recorded for the Tahtay adyabo and Raya azebo districts, respectively. When the zones were considered, the highest (0.80±0.06) and the lowest (0.46) H′ values were recorded for the northwestern zone and southern zone, respectively. With respect to altitude classes, the highest (0.80) and the lowest (0.68) H′ value were recorded for 1001 m.a.s.l, and >1600 m.a.s.l, respectively. Disruptive selection is the most likely reason to maintain the huge diversity in the sorghum Farmers’ varieties. The treasure of diversity suggests the potential for exploitation in sorghum improvement and conservation programs. The ANOVA showed that the mean squares due to H′ values within the districts, geographical zones, and altitude classes were significalntly variable for most of the traits studied. The difference in discriminating the Farmers’ varieties within districts of origin, zones, and altitude classes demonstrate the phenotypic traits have different importance and contribution levels to the total variance explained.
Effect of Intra row Spacing and varieties on Onion (Allium Cepa L.) bulb yield and yield components in Enderta District, Southeastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-28) Kflom Kahsay Berhe
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a crucial high-value crop cultivated worldwide, including in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Despite its economic importance, productivity of onion in Tigray, particularly in the study area, is very low. The use of poorly adapted or low-yielding varieties and improper plant spacing are among the most significant factors contributing to this low productivity. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the Gereb Geba irrigation scheme in Enderta District, Southeastern zone of Tigray, during the dry season of 2024 with the objective of identifying well-adapted improved varieties and optimal plant spacing to enhance onion productivity in the study area. Three varieties (Adama Red, Bombey Red, and Nasik Red) and four levels of intra-row spacing (5 cm, 7 cm, 9 cm, and 11 cm) were used as experimental materials. The treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data related to phenology, growth, yield, and yield components were collected and analyzed according to the standard procedures. The results indicate that the interaction effect of variety and intra-row spacing did not significantly affect the growth and yield parameters, except for the harvest index and unmarketable bulb yield. On the other hand, the main effect of variety significantly influenced the days to physiological maturity, plant height, marketable, and total yield of onions. Accordingly, Adama Red and Bombey Red are early-maturing varieties with significantly higher marketable yields (10.56 t ha⁻¹ and 10.57 t ha⁻¹) and total bulb yields (17.04 t ha⁻¹ and 14.9 t ha¹), respectively. Similarly, the main effect of intra-row spacing significantly influenced total bulb yield, marketable yield, and total biomass yield. In this regard, a narrow intra-row spacing of 5 cm showed significantly higher biomass yield (30.91 t ha⁻¹) and total bulb yield (17.72 t ha⁻¹) compared to the wider spacing. In conclusion, farmers in the study area are advised to adopt Adama red and Bombey Red varieties, along with narrower intra-row spacing (5-7 cm), for optimal yield production and productivity. Further research is also suggested in optimizing resource management and exploring the long-term effects of intra-row spacing on soil health.
Genetic Diversity in Finger Millet Collections for Agro-Morphological, Nutritional Traits, and its Seed Exchange Systems in Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-11-24) Fikre Hagos Abay
Finger millet, despite being one of the most neglected and underutilized crops worldwide, serves as an important food source for millions of poor farmers in Africa. This study examined 200 finger millet accessions collected from different regions of Ethiopia and other African countries, including Eritrea, Zambia and Zimbabwe obtained from the Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute. The experiment was carried out using a 20 x10 lattice design across three locations and over two growing seasons, in 2019 and 2020. Data were collected for quantitative traits, including grain yield, 1000 seed weight, tiller number per plant, finger number per panicle, finger length and width, plant height and days to maturity; qualitative traits such as seed pericarp persistent, glume color, seed color, finger branching, and ear shape; and nutritional traits including protein, starch, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents. The study also involved 160 respondents to analyze seed social network. The analysis of variance for quantitative traits showed highly significant (P≤0.01) variations among the tested genotypes. Three mega-environments were identified from the six tested environments, the first included Rama 2019 and Rama 2020, the second included Maiaini 2019 and Maiaini 2020, and the third included Zana 2019 and Zana 2020. Based on grain yield and other target traits, the GGE approach selected genotypes 203246 (21), 100022 (4), and 100020 (3) for Rama; 234184 (175), 229736 (114), and 233759 (143) for Maiaini; and 100022 (4), 203246 (21), and 229736 (114) for Zana. According to the frequency analysis of qualitative traits, all phenotypic classes, including seed pericarp persistence, glumes color, seed color, finger branching, and ear shape were observed across all countries of origin and altitude classes. However, the most frequent traits observed were non-seed persistence (46%), purple glume color (39%), black seed color (39%), and open ear shape (47%). Notably, brown seed color and persistent seed were absent in Zambia and Benishangul collections, respectively. The chisquare test showed significant (p≤0.05), highly significant (p≤0.01), and non-significant variations for the five qualitative traits across different countries. All the four qualitative traits, except for finger branching showed a high Shannon diversity index (H' ≥ 0.74) across various regions and altitude classes. However, the seed color showed a medium Shannon diversity index for Eritrea collections (H’ =0.65). In terms of protein content, it ranged from 5.15 to 9.35% with the highest value obtained from accessions 203574 and the lowest from 203358. The study found a minimum variation in starch content among different finger millet genotypes, with values ranging narrowly from 72% to 75% and an average of 72.99%. A similar trend was observed for moisture content.xxi On the other hand, there was a considerable variation among genotypes for mineral contents, including Ca (139 to 431mg/100g), Mg (120.85 to 525.50 mg/100g), Fe (3.4 to 30.68 mg/100g), and Zn (0.11 to 4.89 mg/100g). Notably, high concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn, and Fe were found in genotypes 234160, 203259, 203257, and 203262, respectively. Genotypes 234184, 100020, and 203246 exhibited impressive levels of Fe (28.16 mg/100g), Zn (3.15 mg/100g), and Ca (407 mg/100g), along with high grain yields of 3368, 4112, and 3693 kg ha-1, respectively. A survey of finger millet growing households revealed that out of the participants, 145 (90.4%) cultivated landraces (referred to as farmers’ varieties or FVs), while 16 (10%) grew improved varieties. Seed exchange primarily occurred between neighbors and relatives, with a higher seed flow rate observed within villages compared to outside. Seven farmers in central and six in the Northwest zones of Tigray played vital roles in the seed network as key players. Therefore, the promising genotypes that demonstrated high-yield production and stability in this study should be further tested in multiple environments alongside the released finger millet varieties to verify their superiority and adaptability.
THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION INTERVALS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD TRAITS OF ONION (Allium cepa L.) VARIETIES IN RAMA ADIARBAETE, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-01) Kidane Gebresamial Gebrekidan
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops in Ethiopia which is used almost daily as a spice and vegetable in the local dish. It is a shallow-rooted crop that requires frequent irrigation to achieve a high yield. Inconsistent or suboptimal irrigation regimes can lead to yield variability among onion varieties. This study was aimed, to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals on the growth and yield traits of onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and determine optimal irrigation intervals for maximizing crop and water productivity. The experiment was conducted at Rama Adiarbaete, central zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Split plot design was used to conduct the experiment; by considering four irrigation intervals (5, 8, 11 and 14 days) assigned in the main plot and three onion varieties (Bombay red, Adama red and Red creole) assigned in the sub-plots with three replications. The climatic data of Rama Adiarbaete wereda was taken from Adwa meteorological station. Water requirements of onion were computed using the cropwat model 8.0. The results showed that the onion Bombay red variety irrigated at 5 day interval produces higher marketable bulb yields (12.23 t ha-1), harvest indexes (80%) and water productivity (3.52kg m-3) than Adama red and Red creole. In addition to this, at 8 day irrigation intervals, Bombay red scored the highest harvest index (75.30%), marketable bulb yield (11.05 t ha-1) and water productivity (3.097kg m-3) which was followed by Adama red variety (71.88%, 10.43t ha-1, 2.96kg m-3) respectively. According to the economic analysis, also Bombay red irrigated at 5 days interval resulted in 443% MRR over Bombay red irrigated at 8 days interval and residually ranked first. This could be due to the higher marketable yield of Bombay red when irrigated at 5 days intervals. Therefore, farmers in the study area and similar location should have to use 5 days irrigation interval and use the Bombay red variety when there is accessible labor. However, when there is limited availability of labor in the study area, they have to irrigate the Bombay red variety every 8days interval for higher productivity and profitability. In case of the scarcity of Bombay red seeds, farmers could use Adama red onion seeds as an option in the study area. The findings should be refined further by taking up multi season data and by measuring soil water characteristics in multi locations.
Nitrogen rate, Plant Density and Weeding effect on Weed Dynamics and Yield of Onion (Allium cepa L) under Irrigated Condition in Enderta District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-01) Birtukan Gebrekiros
plots. In addition, maximum marketable yield (9965 kg/ha), total bulb yield (9992 kg/ha) were recorded from weeded plots. Higher bulb shape index (1.3) which is considered as non-desirable was found on weedy plots. Plant density had significant effect on leaf length, bulb weight, bulb diameter as well as bulb shape index. The highest leaf length (33.7cm), bulb weight (53.6g), and bulb diameter(4.4cm) was obtained at high plant density from hand weeded plots. Onion bulbs had highest shape index (1.2) at plant density of 333,333 plants/ha on hand weeded plots. Likewise, N rate had significant effect on days to 90% maturity and bulb length. The highest bulb length (5cm) was recorded from hand weeded plots received 46kg N ha-1. Onion maturity was delayed when N was applied at a rate of 69 kg N ha-1 on hand weeded plots. Except hand weeding, all other factors did not have significant effect on onion marketable yield, unmarketable yield and total bulb yield. Maximum marketable yield (9,965 kg/ha) was obtained from hand weeded plots and the lowest marketable yield (4758) was recorded from un weeded plots. Generally, weeds cause a yield loss of (52.2) %. In conclusion, weed species found in onion field were comprised of a wide range of annual species in life cycle and broad leaf in nature of growth habit. Hand weeding resulted in weed dynamics and shifted weed-crop competition advantage in favor of the crop. It influenced the crop throughout its growth and development. Variation in amount of N rate fertilizer resulted in weed dynamic and influenced only bulb length. However, plant density did not have visible effect on weed and the crop’s growth, development and productivity. In recommendation. The experiment has to be repeated in more location and season to make a conclusive recommendation
Effect of mulching types and varieties on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Raya Azebo, southern zone of Tigray
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-01) Tsirha Gidey
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most significant vegetable crops in the Solanaceae family and one of the most widely consumed fruit vegetables in the world valued for nutritional benefits and economic impacts. However, the cultivation of tomatoes faces various agronomic challenges including low soil fertility, water stress, soil erosion and weed competition, which can adversely affect plant growth and over all yield. The experiment was conducted under irrigation condition from March–July 2024 at Mekelle University, agricultural research and innovation centre Mekoni site, Southern Tigray to evaluate the best mulching types and to screen tomato varieties based on their growth, yield performance and resistance to diseases. It was done in a randomized complete block design with three tomato varieties (Roma VF, Gelilama and Melka shola), three mulching types (white plastic, black plastic, grass) and with as no mulch. Data on plant height, number of primary branches per plant, weed density, soil moisture, disease incidence and severity, fruit diameter, fruit number per plant, total yield per plant, average fruit weight, total yield, marketable yield, unmarketable yield, total soluble solid (TSS) and fruit texture were collected and analysed using GENSTAT, 15th edition. The Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare between treatment means using a significance level of α = 0.05. The findings showed that strong interactions between mulching types and tomato varieties, while both black and white plastic mulches improved yield and quality parameters. Black plastic mulch appeared the most effective in weed suppression, moisture retention,. In regards to the varieties, Gelilama appeared the most resilient and productive under various mulch conditions, while it may be more prone to disease, its potential for higher economic return due to greater yield fruit quality could make it a viable option for grower, whereas Melka Shola demonstrates high fruit numbers. Based on the current study, white plastic mulch with Gelilama variety is an effective strategy for enhancing tomato yield. However further research on the interaction of drip irrigation with mulching and both breeding and management practices can be conducted to explore its efficiency on tomato production and disease management practices.
Effect of intra-row spacing and NPS fertilizer rates on growth and bulb yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) in Saharti District, South Eastern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-17) Kidane Tesfay
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops cultivated under irrigated conditions in the southeastern zone and some parts of the other region; the Tigray. The cultivation of onions requires proper supply of plant nutrients and plant densities. Despite of several constraints linked with onion production and productivity Inappropriate application rates of NPS fertilizer and inappropriate plant densities are one of the major constraints for onion production and growth in the study area. Therefore, this study was initiated with the aim of to determine Effect of intra row spacing and NPS fertilizer rates on growth and bulb yield of onion in Saharti District, South Eastern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. The experiment was arranged in factorial combination of four level of intra row spacing (5, 7.5,10 and 12.5 cm) and four NPS fertilizer rates (0,150,200 and 250 kg ha -1) in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Growth and bulb yield components of onion data were collected and analyzed using GenStat software 18th edition. The analysis of variance showed that intra row spacing and NPS fertilizer had significant effect on days to physiological maturity, leaf length, leaf number per plant, bulb length and bulb diameter. The interaction effect of intra-row spacing and NPS fertilizer had significant effect on plant height, average bulb weight gram per plant, marketable bulb yield, unmarketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield. The highest marketable bulb yield 38.5 t ha-1 was obtained on the combined application of 200 kg ha -1 NPS fertilizer rate with 5 cm intra-row spacing. The highest net benefit (ETBirr 1,843,300) with the highest of Marginal rate of return (2942 %) was obtained on the combined application of 200 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer rate with 5 cm intra-row spacing. Accordingly, onion producers in Saharti District and similar agro-ecologies can adopt the combination of 5 cm intra-row spacing and 200 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer to achieve high marketable bulb yields, maximize net benefits, and obtain high marginal rates of return. However, as this study was conducted in a single location and season using the Bombay Red onion variety, further research is necessary to validate these findings across various seasons, locations, and with different improved onion varieties.
EFFECT OF MOTHER BULB SIZE AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER RATES ON GROWTH, SEED YIELD, AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF ONION (Allium cepa L.) AT LAELAY MAYCHEW DISTRICT, CENTRAL ZONE OF TIGRAY, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) Nirayo Gidey Demoz
Inappropriate uses of bulb size and without or with very low rates of nitrogen fertilizer application are major factors constraining onion seed production in Tigray. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during 2023/2024 in Laelay Maychew Woreda Central Zone of Tigray to study the effect of mother bulb size (3-4 cm), medium (4.1-5 cm), and large (5.1-6 cm) and nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg ha-1) on growth, seed yield, and yield components of onion. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that all growth and yield components were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the main effect of bulb size and nitrogen and nitrogen only. The tallest plant heights (cm), flower stalk length (cm) and Maximum numbers of flowers talks per plant were obtained from the plant that received 69 N kgha-1 as well as those large bulb sizes (5.1-6 cm).However highest values of flower stalk diameter (mm), wider umbel diameters (mm) and number of seed per umbel (550) were found from the plant treated at the rate of 92 kg ha-1 of N and medium mother bulb size (4.1-5cm).The maximum seed weight per umbel (2.32g), thousand seed weight (3.86g) and seed yield per plant (17.20g) and seed yield per plot (1197.91g) were obtained from the combination of large (5.1-6 cm) mother bulb size with 69 kg of Nha-1.The shortest days to 50% flowering and maturity were found from the treatment combination of 69 kg ha-1 with 5.1-6 cm mother bulb size. The highest seed yield per hectare (1983.25 kg ha-1) was obtained from the treatment combination of 69 kg and 5.1-6 cm mother bulb size. As the partial budget analysis revealed that maximum net field benefits (4550120) Ethiopian Birr with Marginal rate of return (56.88) were obtained from a bulb of 5.1–6 cm size grown with an application of 69 kg N ha-1. Hence, for high yield and economically feasible seed yield of onion, the treatment combination of 5.1–6 cm bulb size and 69 kg ha-1 of N are recommended for the study area. To make a final recommendation, it is advised to conduct the experiment again in the study area, as it was conducted for only one season and one site
Integrated weed management through planting types and intra-row spacing on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) yield at Wolkayit, Western Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-03-03) Hagos Hailu
Sugarcane is the most important industrial and cash crop that is commercially cultivated for its sugar and bioenergy in the world. Weeds are among the major constraints that limit sugarcane production at Wolkayit, western parts of Tigray. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at Wolkayit Sugar Development Project, during the 2019/20 cropping season to estimate the effect of intra-row spacing and planting types on major weeds, growth, yield and yield attributes of sugarcane. The experiment was laid out in RCBD in a factorial arrangement and replicated three times. Ten treatments consists of two sugarcane-planting types (sett planting and seedling transplanting) and five levels of spacing (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) with plot size of 25m2. The result revealed that the main and interaction effects of intra-row spacing and planting types significantly (P<0.05) affected weed and yield related parameters. The highest (230.5 tha-1) fresh cane yield was obtained from a set planting at 10 cm intra-row spacing while the lowest weed density (3.93m-2) was recorded from 5 cm transplanted field. However, the lowest weed sun dried weed weight (3.73 gm-2) was recorded from a set planting at 30 cm intra-row spacing. The lowest fresh cane yield (173 tha-1) and denser weed (17.6 m-2) was recorded from sett planting of 40 cm intra row spacing. Indicating integrated use of optimum intra- row spacing and transplanting reduced weed density, frequency, dominance and improved crop yields. It can be concluded that narrower intra-row spacing of 5cm generally resulted in lower weed infestation while higher cane yield was recorded from 10 cm intra-row spacing. This suggested that optimizing intra-row spacing to 10cm with set planting type is crucial technique to manage major weed species and improve sugarcane productivity. Besides, further research in different agro ecologies with prior consideration of major weed seed bank was recommended.
Genotypic variation, N rates and Sowing method effects on Weed dynamics and Teff yield at Laelay Maychew district, Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-03-05) Netsanet Kidane
Teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc,) Trotter] is one of the major cereals that are cultivated on largest land than other cereals in Ethiopia. The need for its production as a stable food is increasing year after a year. Nevertheless, its productivity is low due to inappropriate use of agronomic practices and genetic factors. A field experiment was carried out during the 2020 main cropping season from July to November at Laelay Maychew district with the objectives of studying genotypic variation, N rates and sowing method effects on weed dynamics and teff yields. The treatments consisted of three improved varieties (Kora, Quncho and Boset), four nitrogen levels (0, 46, 69 and 92 kg N/ha) and two sowing methods (row planting and broadcast). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Sowing method was the main plot and combination of N rate and improved varieties as the subplot. Economic analysis showed row planting of Teff Kora variety with application 69 kg N/ha was the highest net benefit (121,014 ETB) and marginal rate of return (MRR) (454.86 %). Therefore, this variety Kora and 69 kg N/ha rate application could be economically feasible and recommended for the Hatsebo area. Results showed that sowing method, variety and N rates had significant effect (p<0.05) on most parameters evaluated. The factors had significant interaction effect on teff plant height and grain yield. Quncho variety had the tallest plant height (133.33 cm) which was planted in rows and applied with 92 kg N/ha, the highest grain yield (1887 Kg/ha) was recorded from Kora variety planted in rows and received 69 kg N/ha. Similarly, there were significant (p<0.05) differences of factors on weed dry weight. Boset variety resulted in higher (5.8 g/m2) weed dry weight while the lowest weed dry weight was observed on variety Kora (3.94 g/m2)
Phenotypic characterization of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L).Moench) accessions collected from Humera, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2025-03-10) Mehari kassie
Agronomic traits; Early maturing; Genetic improvement; Genetic variability; Resilience; Selection; Okra genotypes.
Evaluation of Potato (Solanum tubersum L.) Varieties for Growth and Yield under Different Planting Dates in the Lowlands of Raya Azaebo, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.
(2025-03-13) Haftamu Habte Zeferu
Potato plays a crucial role in food security, poverty alleviation, and income generation in Tigray, particularly in the lowland areas of Raya-Azebo. However, its productivity remains low mainly due to the lack of suitable varieties and inappropriate planting dates. This study aimed to identify the optimal planting date and variety for improving potato yield and yield components in the lowland areas of Raya Azebo, Tigray. The experiment was conducted using three planting dates - October 17, November 2, and November 17- and three potato varieties (Belete, Gudane, and Jaleni), arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications . Data on phenological, yield and yield related parameters were collected and analyzed using GenStat version 18. The results showed that planting date had a significant effect (P<0.001) on days to emergence, flowering, maturity, number of tubers per plant, average tuber weight, tuber diameter, total tuber yield, marketable and unmarketable tuber yields. Variety also significantly affected numbers of tubers per plant, average tuber weight, marketable yield and total tuber yield. Moreover, the interaction between planting date and variety significantly influenced days to emergence, number of tubers per plant, average tuber weight, tuber diameter, total tuber yield, and marketable tuber yield. Potato varieties planted on October 17th matured early. The Belete variety, planted on 2nd November, produced the highest marketable tuber yield (290.4 q ha-1) while the Jalenne variety, planted on November 17, had the lowest yield (156 q ha-1). Marketable tuber yield was negatively correlated with phenological traits, but showed a strong positive association with growth parameters, and yield components. Generally, planting potatoes during the first three weeks of October resulted in the highest marketable and total tuber yields, with November 2nd being the optimal planting date. It is recommended that smallholder farmers and the private sector adopt this planting date for improved potato production in lowland areas of Raya Azebo
Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) response to Nitrogen fertilizer rate and Intra-row spacing in Enderta Woreda, South Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-03-14) Teklu Hishe
Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) is one of the most ancient widely cultivated vegetable crop, and propagated by cloves and used for food medicinal purposes. However, its productivity is far below the demands. This is due low soil fertility; inappropriate planting density, and major diseases. A field experiment was conducted at Mekelle University Endayesus compus to study the effect of different nitrogen levels and intra- row spacing on yield and yield component of garlic during 2024 irrigation season using a local variety of garlic. The treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0,46,69 and 92 kg N ha -1), and three levels of intra- row spacing (5, 10 and 15 cm) arranged in randomized completely block design replicated three times each. Data were collected on plant growth, bulb yield and yield components and garlic rust diseases infestation level. The result showed that the different nitrogen rates significantly (P<0.01) affected garlic plant height, leaf length, leaf dry weight and marketable yield. Besides, intra row spacing significantly (P<0.05) influenced all garlic parameters except leaf number, clove number, and harvest index. Similarly, their interaction had significant effect on marketable yield and total bulb yield. The least and highest diseases severity and incidence percentages (4.1 &19.4) and (20 & 55%) was recorded from plots spaced at 5 & 15cm respectively. The highest 9 t ha-1 total bulb yield was recorded at 5 cm intra -row spacing and 69 kg of nitrogen fertilizer. The highest marketable yield of 8.1 t ha-1 was recorded from application of 46kg N spaced at 5 cm of intrarow spacing. Cost benefit analysis indicated that the highest (2,134,200) and lowest (1,162,533.34) ETB ha-1 net return was earned from 46 and 69 N ha-1 spaced at 5 and 15 cm intra row spacing respectively. The maximum marginal rate of return (8690%) was obtained from plots treated with 46 kg N and 10 cm intra row spacing. In garlic production, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at rates exceeding 92 kg ha-1, combined with an intra-row spacing of 15 cm, has been found to be uneconomical. Such practices not only result in excessive costs but also lead to diminishing returns in terms of yield. Based on these findings, it is recommended that farmers should reduce nitrogen fertilizer application to 46 kg N ha-1 and adjust the intra-row spacing to 10 cm. This rate of nitrogen and intra row spacing is expected to optimize fertilizer use efficiency, reduce unnecessary input costs, and enhance the overall profitability of garlic production.
Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Durum Wheat: Genotypic Variability, Trait Associations, Nutritional Profile, and Adaptive Mechanisms Under Contrasting Nitrogen Conditions in Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-03-21) TESFAYE GELETA AGA
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a crucial high-value crop cultivated worldwide, including in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Despite its economic importance, productivity of onion in Tigray, particularly in the study area, is very low. The use of poorly adapted or low-yielding varieties and improper plant spacing are among the most significant factors contributing to this low productivity. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the Gereb Geba irrigation scheme in Enderta District, Southeastern zone of Tigray, during the dry season of 2024 with the objective of identifying well-adapted improved varieties and optimal plant spacing to enhance onion productivity in the study area. Three varieties (Adama Red, Bombey Red, and Nasik Red) and four levels of intra-row spacing (5 cm, 7 cm, 9 cm, and 11 cm) were used as experimental materials. The treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data related to phenology, growth, yield, and yield components were collected and analyzed according to the standard procedures. The results indicate that the interaction effect of variety and intra-row spacing did not significantly affect the growth and yield parameters, except for the harvest index and unmarketable bulb yield. On the other hand, the main effect of variety significantly influenced the days to physiological maturity, plant height, marketable, and total yield of onions. Accordingly, Adama Red and Bombey Red are early-maturing varieties with significantly higher marketable yields (10.56 t ha⁻¹ and 10.57 t ha⁻¹) and total bulb yields (17.04 t ha⁻¹ and 14.9 t ha¹), respectively. Similarly, the main effect of intra-row spacing significantly influenced total bulb yield, marketable yield, and total biomass yield. In this regard, a narrow intra-row spacing of 5 cm showed significantly higher biomass yield (30.91 t ha⁻¹) and total bulb yield (17.72 t ha⁻¹) compared to the wider spacing. In conclusion, farmers in the study area are advised to adopt Adama red and Bombey Red varieties, along with narrower intra-row spacing (5-7 cm), for optimal yield production and productivity. Further research is also suggested in optimizing resource management and exploring the long-term effects of intra-row spacing on soil health.
Effect of Integrating Maize Varieties and Insecticides against Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Central Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-11) Fisseha Amaha Gebreslasea
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is the most devastating insect causing economic losses of maize production and productivity particularly in tropical and subtropical. A field experiment was conducted in 2024 under irrigated conditions to determine the integrated effect of insecticides with maize varieties against naturally occurring fall armyworm infestations. A randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications was used. The first factor included two improved maize varieties (Melkassa-2 and Melkassa-4), and one local variety (Berihu) while the second factor comprised four synthetic insecticides (Chlorfenapyr + Spinosad, Chlorfenapyr, Acetamiprid + Abamectin, Imidacloprid) and one control (water spraying) spraying three times. Data collected includes fall armyworm (FAW) larvae and egg masses count, plant damage, yield, and yield-related attributes analyzed with the Genstat software version 18. The result revealed that all the treatments significantly (p < 0.05) affected the FAW population, plant damage, and grain yield compared to the control. The highest larvae mortality (94.74%), lowest leaf incidence (4%), lowest leaf severity (0.993), lowest ear damage(1.667), highest ear length (23.23 cm), highest grain yield (5166 kg ha-1), highest avoidable yield loss (42.35%), and highest Marginal return rate (39071.6%) were obtained from Melkassa -2 treated with Spinosad +Chlorfenapyr, while the untreated Berihu variety showed the lowest larvae mortality (-44.55%), lowest egg masses (1.778), highest leaf incidence (98%), highest leaf severity (8.067), highest ear damage (8.133), shortest ear length (8.9cm) and lowest grain yield (1935 kg ha-1). Furthermore, Melkassa-2 showed the lowest leaf incidence, leaf, tassel, and ear severity, highest larval mortality, highest grain yield, and highest yield loss in comparison to the tested varieties. The minimum days required for tasselling (61.5), silking (65), maturity (99.2), highest plant height (186.4), and egg masses (3.889) were recorded from Spinosad +chlofenapyr insecticide. In conclusion, the highest FAW larvae mortality rate, lowest plant damage, uppermost MRR, lowest yield loss, and grain yield were found when the Melkassa-2 variety was treated with Spinosad+ Chlorfenapyr followed by Chlorfenapyr alone. Thus, it can be recommended that farmers use the integration of the tolerant maize (Melkassa-2) variety with selective insecticides (Spinosad+chlorfenapyr) to reduce the fall armyworm damage thereby enhancing maize productivity.
Organic Mulches and Weeding Frequencies Effect on Weed, Growth, Yield and Yield Component of Onion (Allium cepa L.) at the district of Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-11) Gebremeskel Hagos Ngus
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is produced for home consumption and as income sources for many smallscale farmers and commercial growers in Tigray. However, the yield of the crop is not as high as the crop potential due to biotic and abiotic constraints among those weed competition is the major. Therefore, an experiment was conducted from January to June 2024 during the irrigation season with the objective of evaluating the effects of organic mulches and weeding frequencies on weed, growth, yield and yield components of onion. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The factors include three organic mulching (No mulching, Grass mulch and Wheat straw mulch) and 4 weeding frequencies (No weeding, single weeded, twice weeded and thrice weeded) made a total of 12 treatments. Results indicated that the highest marketable bulb yield (40.49 t ha-1), highest total bulb yield (41.5 t ha-1), longest plant height (63.8 cm), highest number of leaves per plant (20), longest leaf length (38.4 cm), highest average bulb weight (119.2 g), widest bulb diameter (7.1 cm), longest bulb length (6.4 cm), highest weed control efficiency (75.93 %) and highest weed control index (73.04%), was found in treatment (T8) combination of grass mulch and thrice weeded. The most frequent, abundant and dominant weeds were found to be Galinsoga parviflora cav. and Bidens pilosa L., with a frequency value of (100 % and 88.9 %,), abundance (20.1 and 12.3) and dominance (30.3% and 18.6%), respectively. The partial budget analysis of marketable bulb yield revealed that the highest marginal rate of return was obtained from (grass mulch combined with thrice weeded) with a percentage of marginal rate of return of (281.8%). The experiment was done for only one season at a single location and therefore it needs to be repeated over season and locations to make a conclusive recommendation.
Management of onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci L.) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) through Botanical Insecticides and Improved onion Varieties in central Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-11) Brkti Weldegebrial Gebrehiwet
A field experiment was conducted in 2024 under irrigated conditions in hadash tekli tabia to investigate the integration effect of botanical insecticides and improved onion varieties on the management of onion thrips. A randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications was used. Factor one includes onion varieties (Adama red and Bombay red) and factor two consists of four botanicals, namely, Lantana camara leaf, Jatropha curcus seed, Ricinus communis seed, and Phytolacca dodecandra seed, one synthetic insecticide (Karate 5% EC) and one control (spaying only water) three times spraying for each at the interval of 10 days. Data were recorded on Thrips incidence, mortality, leaf severity yield-related parameters, and yield of onion analyzed using GenStat software version 18. The highest mortality percentage (80.18%), lowest incidence (23.3%), lowest leaf severity scale (1.3), highest leaf number (17.17), wide bulb diameter (5.39 cm), maximum marketable yield (12991 kg ha⁻¹), highest avoidable yield loss (67.7%), and highest MRR (548808%) was recorded from the Bombay variety treated with Ricinus communis. The lowest mortality (-32.58%), and highest incidence (70%), highest leaf severity scale (4.93), minimum leave number (6.97), narrow bulb diameter (2.05 cm), and minimum marketable yield (3521 kg ha⁻¹) were recorded on untreated Adama red. Among botanical insecticides, Ricinus communis recorded the highest bulb weight (57.89 g), longest bulb length (4.24cm), and highest plant height (54.9cm) however the smallest bulb weight (25.19 g), shortest bulb length (2.3cm), and plant height (33.cm) were recorded from control plot. Between varieties Bombay red recorded the highest bulb weight (48.5 g), longest bulb length (3.93cm), and highest plant height (51.48cm) in comparison to Adama red. In conclusion, the Ricinus communis-treated Bombay red showed the highest mortality of onion thrips, lowest incidence, lowest leaf damage, highest marketable yield, and MRR. Thus, it can be recommended that farmers use the integration of botanical insecticides and improved onion varieties) to reduce the onion thrips damage thereby enhancing onion productivity and improving environmental safety.
Evaluation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) genotypes for yield and agronomic traits under irrigation in southern Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-13) Desta Abadi
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is most important food crop in Ethiopia, and understanding its genetic variability is crucial for improvement efforts. However, research evaluating genotypes for yield and agronomic traits under irrigation in specific regions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the performance of 15 potato genotypes across 16 quantitative traits under irrigated conditions in Maichew and Emba-Alaje woredas during the 2024/2025. Randomized Complete Block design, with three replications was employed, utilizing plots of 3m x 3m with a spacing of 75 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants. Significant interaction effect was observed among the genotypes for most traits. The highest total tuber yields were recorded for G12 CIP302498.72 (48.94 t ha-1), G3 CIP397029.21 (48.71 t ha-1) and G2 CIP312923.637 (48.49 t ha-1) at Maichew while the lowest yield was noted for G13 CIP312920.599 (14.27 t ha-1) at Emba Alaje. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between total tuber yield and Plant height (r=0.43), marketable tuber yield (r=0.99), unmarketable tuber number per hill (r=0.34), marketable tuber number per hill (r=0.68) and total tuber number per hill (r=0.58). Conversely, a negative correlation was observed with days to maturity (r= -0.47). Principal component analysis results revealed that the first three components accounted for 75.09% of the total variability (PC1:37.16%, PC2:23.98%, PC3:13.98%). Hierarchical clustering grouped the genotypes into five distinct clusters based on yield and quality traits. These findings highlight significant genetic variability among the evaluated potato genotypes. Given that the study was conducted over a single growing season at two locations, further research involving multiple seasons and locations is recommended to validate these results and assess factors such as late blight resistance in the southern zone of Tigray and similar agro-ecological areas.
Effect of Blended (NPSB) Fertilizer Rates on Growth Performance, Yield and Yield Components of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M.) Varieties in Enderta District, Northern Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-13) Birhane Kebede Weldegebriel
The effects of blended fertilizer rates (NPSB) on growth, production, and yield components of tomato varieties (lycopersicon esculentum M.) were studied using irrigation facilities at Elshadai Relief and Developmental Association (ERDA agricultural farm, Mekelle). 4x3 factorial experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design (RCBD. The treatments included four rates of blended (NPSB) fertilizer (0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, and 150 kg ha-1) and three tomato varieties (Melka shola, Roma VF, and Gelelma). Data were collected on tomato growth, yield, and yield components. Results indicated that the impacts of blended fertilizers (NPSB) on tomato varieties were significant with p-value of 0.05 in terms of plant height, leaf number per plant, marketable fruit number per plant, and number of total fruit yield per plant, and total fruit yield per hectare. The blended fertilizer rates (NPSB) and tomato varieties had important interaction effects on the Number of fruit cluster per plant, number of leaves per plant and total fruit yield per hectare. Results indicated a positive association between tomato varieties growth, yield, and yield components. Among the different rates of blended fertilizer rates, significantly shorter days to 50% flowering dates (47 days) and maturity date (105), taller plant height (92cm), higher leaf number per plant (93.79), the highest number of total fruit number per plant (43.61), higher marketable fruit number per plant (40.51), and total fruit yield (28.23 t ha-1) were gained from the application of 150 kg ha-1 and 100 kg ha-1. Among the varieties, Gelelma produced the highest overall fruit number per plant (40.62) and marketable fruit yield (24.50 t ha- 1) over Melka shola and Roma VF. In the study area, Gelelma tomato variety treated with 150 kg ha-1 of blended (NPSB) fertilizer produced the highest total yields (32.20 t ha-1) under 150 kg ha- 1 of blended (NPSB) fertilizer. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct further research in tomato varieties in many locations and seasons with different (NPSB) blended fertilizer rates.