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    Magnitude and Associated Factors of Oligohydramnios Among Third Trimester Pregnant Women Attending at Mekelle Public Hospitals, Tigray, Ethiopia: Institution-Based Cross Sectional Study
    (Mekelle University, 2025-06-28) SHUSHAY TEKULU
    Background: Oligohydramnios is a condition where amniotic fluid volume is lower than expected for gestational age. It is the most common amniotic fluid disorder and the leading cause of severe fetal and maternal adverse outcomes. Despite the severity of the problem, studies regarding the magnitude and associated factors of oligohydramnios in third-trimester pregnancy were limited in Ethiopia, mainly in the study area. Objective: To assess magnitude and associated factors of oligohydramnios among women in the third trimester of pregnancy at Mekelle public hospitals, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2024/2025. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December/1/2024 to May/30/2025 in Mekelle city. We included pregnant women using consecutive sampling technique using predefined inclusion criteria. Interview using structured questionnaire was employed to collect socioeconomic and demographic, lifestyle, medical and obstetric related data. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics were utilized to summarize data. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with oligohydramnios in third-trimester of pregnancy. Variables with P<0.05 in multi-variable analysis were declared statistically significant & interpreted using AOR with 95% CI. Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to assess model fitness & it was insignificant (P=0.956), indicating a good-fitted model for the data. The maximum VIF was 1.12, telling that no Multicolinearity issue among covariates. Results: The mean age of the study participant, 356 with a 100% response rate, was a 28.2±5.06 years. The magnitude of oligohydramnios in third trimester of pregnancy was 7.9% (95% CI: 5.3-11.2%). Women with a history of diabetes mellitus [AOR=4.12 (95% CI: 1.26-13.53)], hypertension [AOR=6.12 (95% CI: 1.82-20.59)], anemia [AOR=4.63 (95% CI: 1.61-13.37)], hyperemesis gravid arum [AOR=4.76 (95% CI: 1.82-12.48)], post-term pregnancy [AOR=7.22 (95% CI: 1.41-36.98)] and fetal factors, including congenital anomalies [AOR=7.60 (95% CI: 1.81-31.94)] and intrauterine growth restriction [AOR=5.87 (95% CI: 1.42-24.32)], were significantly associated with an increased odds of oligohydramnios. Conclusion & Recommendations: 7.9% of pregnant women had sustained oligohydramnios. Maternal diabetes, hypertension, anemia, hyperemesis gravid arum, post-term pregnancy, fetal congenital anomalies and intrauterine growth restriction were identified as significant risk factors for oligohydramnios. We recommend increased surveillance for oligohydramnios focusing on the identified risks, maternal life style modifications & regular antenatal checkups in pregnancy.
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    Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus, and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in selected general hospitals of Mekelle and Eastern zone of Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia
    (Mekelle University, 2025-06-28) SENAIT KEBEDE
    Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) share common transmission risk factors and represent significant global public health challenges. They are major contributors to morbidity and mortality among pregnant women, especially in low and middle-income countries. However, there is limited local data on the burden of these infections among pregnant women in the study area collectively. Hence, this study was aimed to assess the sero-prevalence of hepatitis B viruses (HBV) and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in selected general hospitals of Mekelle and Eastern Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Method: A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted from December 2024 to April 2025 in selected general hospitals of Mekelle and Eastern zones of Tigray. Socio-demographic risk factors data and blood sample were collected from the 238 pregnant women. Rapid diagnostic tests were used to detect HBV and HIV. HBV confirmation with Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was also performed. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive and Logistic regression analysis was used to assess associations between variables. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered as statistical significant. Result: The overall seroprevalence of HBV and HIV were 9.7% and 4.2% respectively. However, no cases of HBV/HIV co-infection were identified. Among the three sites the seroprevalence of HBV and HIV were 8.9% & 3.7%, 8% & 2.7% and 11.9% & 6% in Adigrat, Wukro and Mekelle respectively. Variables like older age (AOR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.01–9.46, P = 0.047), history of liver disease (AOR = 23.67, 95% CI: 3.55–158.01, P = 0.001), history of abortion (AOR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.05-0.96; p=0.043), nose piercing (AOR: 4.01, 95% CI: 1.35, 11.92; p=0.013) and history of sexually transmitted infection(AOR: 5.94, 95% CI: 1.41-24.99; p=0.015) were revealed significant association with seroprevalence of HBV while knowledge about transmission of HIV (Exact OR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02–0.72, p = 0.0219) was the only variable significantly associated with of HIV infection. Conclusion: The overall seroprevalence of HBV among pregnant women attending antenatal care was high according to WHO classification. The current HIV prevalence lies within the range of the pooled HIV prevalence among pregnant women in Ethiopia
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    Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Associated Risk factors Among Fistula patients at Hamlin Fistula Hospital, Mekelle, Tigray, North of Ethiopia
    (Mekelle University, 2025-06-28) KASECH FITSUM TEDLA
    Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections in humans, both in the community and hospital. UTIs are a significant cause of hospital admissions, a widespread concern, affecting millions of people worldwide and causing significant morbidity, mortality, and serious healthcare costs. Patients with obstetric fistula usually suffer from urinary and stool incontinence that can predispose them to frequent infections with urinary tract infection. Despite this fact, there is lack of data on the prevalence, causative pathogens, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of UTIs, particularly in lower resource settings like Tigray, Ethiopia. Objective: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infection, evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and identify associated risk factors among fistula patients at Hamlin Fistula Hospital in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2025 at Hamlin Fistula Hospital in Mekelle, Tigray. Socio-demographic characteristics and other urinary tract infection related risk factors were collected from study participants using structured questionnaires. The mid-stream urine was collected and cultured on Cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient agar, and MacConkey agar. Bacterial isolates of gram negative and gram positive were characterized using series of biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disc diffusion method and interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI2020) guidelines. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 27. Results: Out of the 151 patients sampled, 104 (68.8.6%) were found to have significant bacteria infecting the urinary tract. Isolation of significant bacteriuria was strongly associated with the history of previous UTI and history of catheterization (p=0.01). Eight different species of bacterial uropathogens were identified from the samples. The bacteria isolated were 94.2 % gram negative and 5.8% gram positive. The most predominant bacteria identified were E. coli followed by P.vulgaris. The isolated bacteria had shown the highest resistance rate (72.2%) to Tetracyllin followed by Ampicillin (69.2%) and highest susceptibility to Amikacin (100%) followed by Meropenem (98.1%). Twenty-six of the isolated bacteria (98) were found to be ESBL-producing gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion and recommendation: The overall prevalence of urinary tract infection among fistula patients is high. The predominant pathogen of UTI isolated was E. coli followed by P.vulgaris and K. peumoniae. All the bacterial isolates have shown multiple antibiotic resistance pattern. Based on the findings of the present study, routine screening, urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are recommended for all fistula patients.
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    Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Extended Spectrum Betalactamase Producing Bacterial Species From Catheterized Pat Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital and Mekelle General Hospitals,Northen Ethiopia
    (Mekelle University, 2025-06-28) GEBREGIORGIS ASSEFA
    Background: Extended spectrum beta –lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are a public health problem globally, more than700000 deaths occur every year by multi-drug resistance. Patients catheter associated urinary tract infection and among the most affected by ESBL producing bacteria which results in increases the cost of medical care, extend hospital stay and mortality which needs to undergo regular surveillance and intervention. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of extended spectrum beta –lactamase producing bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among catheterized patients at Ayder compressive specialist Hospital and Mekelle General Hospital. Methods:A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted on 310catheterized patients from October1/2023 to February30, 2024.Urine specimen (5-10mL) from patients catheterized with indwelling urinary catheters were collected in to a sterile labeled container. Urine specimens were delivered to the laboratory immediately and processed within 2hours.Each urine sample was inoculated onto MacConnkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Extend spectrum beta lactamace producing bacteria detection were done using biochemical and culture characteristics method and antimicrobial susceptibility tests to isolated bacterial pathogens was done using the disc diffusion technique. The data was entered and analyzed using Epidata version 3 and SPSS version 20, Chi-square was used to assess association between variables and then logistic regression was used to measure strengths of association, p-values less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULT: The results show that 37/310(11.9%) of the participants had bacteria. Of these,Escherichia Coli 32/37 (86.5%), K.pnuemoniae 3/37(8.1%) and mixed (E.coli and K.pnuemoniae) 2/37(5.4%). ESBL was seen in 13/37(35.1%) of the bacterial isolated and was all seen on Escherichia coli, 13/13 (100%) isolates. Altogether 100% (n=37) isolates were sensitive to meropnem, 83.8% (n=31) to nitrofurantoin, and 59.5% (n=22) to gentamicin. 64.8% (n=24) isolates were resistant to antibiotic ampicillin while 29.7% (n=11) were found as multidrug resistant (MDR). Conclusion:Most ESBL-producing bacteria were E.coli, The prevalence of ESBL producing bacteria were on patients who admitted at medical ward. Microbiological-based therapy for patients with UTIs is essential at my study site due to high rates of ESBL production with concomitant high rates of drug resistance to several antibiotics.
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    PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF PLUMONARY TUBERCULOSIS AMONG PRISONERS IN SHIRE, AXUM AND ADWA PRISON CENTRS
    (Mekelle University, 2025-06-28) GIRMASLASIE FISEHA
    Background: Pulmonary Tuberculosis is a contagious airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and remains a significant global public health problem. Prisons, due to overcrowding, poor ventilation, and limited healthcare services, present a high-risk environment for TB transmission and progression. In the Tigray region of Ethiopia, challenges such as inadequate diagnostic capacity and insufficient data hinder effective TB control among incarcerated populations. Objective: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and identify its associated risk factors among prisoners in Shire, Axum, and Adwa correctional facilities in Tigray, Ethiopia, over the period from December, 2024 to May, 2025. Methodology: An institutional-based cross-sectional design was employed to enroll 265 prisoners presenting with TB symptoms. Structured questionnaires were collected socio-demographic and clinical information, including HIV status, history of smoking, and incarceration-related exposures. Sputum samples were collected and analyzed using Ziehl-Neelsen staining and the Gen-expert MTB/RIF assay. Results: A total of 265 prisoners were enrolled in this study, drawn from a total incarcerated population of 3,180 inmates across the three prison centers in Shire, Axum, and Adwa, located in northern Ethiopia. The study identified 5 bacteriologically confirmed TB cases, yielding a point prevalence of 1.9% (95% CI: 0.6%–4.3%) among the study participants. Occupation prior to imprisonment was significantly related to TB status: prisoners who had been governmentemployed or self-employed had significantly lower odds of TB infection compared to those who had been daily laborers or unemployed (exact AOR = 0.119, 95% CI: 0.000–0.946, p = 0.0432). Prisoners who were HIV-negative or whose HIV status was unknown had significantly lower odds of TB compared to HIV-positive individuals (exact AOR = 0.033, 95% CI: 0.001–0.722, p = 0.0281). Conclusions and Recommendations: The prevalence of PTB was high in these prison centers. There should be an intensified implementation of TB screening among high-risk inmates, particularly those with a history of unemployment, HIV infection, smoking, or TB symptoms.
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    MAGNITUDE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AMONG NEWBORNS DELIVERED IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS OF TIGRAY DURING CONFLICT TIME.
    (Mekelle University, 2025-06-21) SAMSON HADUSH
    Background: Birth weight is a critical determinant of perinatal survival and significantly influences infant morbidity and mortality. Low birth weight remains a serious global health issue, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia, where research on low birth weight and its determinants is limited. This lack of data hampers efforts to address the underlying factors contributing to low birth weight and improve maternal and child health outcomes. The war in Tigray has disrupted healthcare services, potentially exacerbating the challenges associated with maternal health that leads low birth weights. Understanding the factors contributing to LBW will help to identify the impact of conflict on maternal and infant health and ensure that vulnerable populations receive the necessary support. Thus, the objective of this study aimed at identifying the magnitude and associated factors of LBW among newborns delivered at public health facilities in Tigray, Ethiopia Method: A Hospital based cross-sectional study design was applied from November 2024 – December 2024. A total of 540 newborn birth records were selected using systematic random sampling technique, and data was collected using data kobo tool. Six BSc degree holders were employed for data collection and the data collection period was entirely supervised by one masters’ degree holder and myself. Data was entered into Epi info 7, then exported to SPSS version 23. Binary logistic regression model was used to assess the associated factors of low birth weight. The results are presented as crude odds ratios (P<0.25) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) (P<0.05) together with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 540 maternal cards were reviewed during the study period, with 95.8% rate of complete cards. In logistic regression model, significant association was found with Unplanned Pregnancy (AOR=10.4, 95% CI 5.10 - 21.26), No Antenatal care follow up (AOR=3.6, 95% CI 1.35 – 9.837), Gestational age <37 weeks (AOR=6.5, 95% CI 3.32 – 12.67), Obstetric complication (AOR=2.5, 95% CI 1.24 – 4.97), Medical complication (AOR=2.9, 95% CI 1.02 – 8.32), Maternal Anemia (AOR=3.3, 95% CI 2.37 – 46.49.26) and Acute malnutrition (AOR=2.8, 95% CI 1.31 – 9.94). Conclusion: The study finding indicated that a significant number of newborns measured low birthweight. The study identified factors such as pregnancy plan, ANC follow up, Obstetric and Medical condition during pregnancy, maternal acute malnutrition, Maternal Anemia and Gestational Age had significant association. Based on study findings, I recommend Tigray government and regional health bureau to make sure accessible health care system and advocating to nongovernmental organizations to support in recovering health care system which is destructed, Health care providers to counsel and provide comprehensive health care, particularly during pregnancy and before pregnancy.
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    Antenatal care services satisfaction and related factors, among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Public general hospitals of central zone of Tigray region, Ethiopia; 2024: hospital based cross-sectional study design (mixed)
    (Mekelle University, 2025-04-28) KIDU GEBREYOHANES
    Introduction: Antenatal care (ANC) is care offered by skilled healthcare professionals to pregnant women to guarantee the greatest possible health for both the mother and the baby. In Tigray, 78% of health posts, 72% of health centers, and 80% of hospitals had been destroyed during the war according to the Tigray Regional Health Bureau. As a result, ANC coverage decreased from 94% to 16% during the war. Since there is no related research done in the study area, it necessitates undertaking this research. Objective: This study aims to assess ANC services satisfaction and related factors in public general hospitals of central zone of Tigray region, Ethiopia, 2024. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study involving both qualitative and quantitative approaches of data collection was used from September 10 to November 15, 2024. Data were gathered from systematically selected 420 individuals via interviewer administered face-to-face interviews using Kobo toolbox. Data from the kobo toolbox was exported to and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 27. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with the outcome variable. For the qualitative part, convenience sampling was used to select respondents, and data were collected through in-depth interviews. Then, inductive thematic analysis was used to manually review qualitative data. Results: Pregnant mothers’ satisfaction with ANC service was found 44.8%. Type of pregnancy, tone of pregnancy, ANC start time, waiting time to see a doctor, getting additional clinical examination, counseling on self-care and on birth preparedness and complication readiness plan and availability of free laboratory service were among the significant predictors of ANC satisfaction. The qualitative findings also highlight that early initiation of ANC, friendly and respectful care, easily accessibility of the institution, etc were frequently raised as a favorable contributors for a satified care. Conclusion and recommendation: pregnant mothers’ satisfaction with ANC was low in this study. Concerned bodies are recommended to undertake continues monitoring, improve financing for health care, staffing and making comprehensive counselling accessible at each service contacts.
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    PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH FAILD INDUCTION OF LABOR AMONG WOMEN UNDERGOING INDUCTION AT PUBLIC HOSPITALS OF MEKELLE CITY, TIGRAY
    (Mekelle University, 2025-06-28) HABEN NIGUSE
    Introduction: Induction of labor is more frequently used obstetric procedure, practiced in over 20% of pregnancies globally, with 20% resulting in cesarean delivery. Worldwide, unsuccessful induction of labor is a public health concern. Numerous unfavorable outcomes for both the mother and fetus are linked to it, including postpartum hemorrhage, uterine rupture, birth asphyxia, and prolonged hospital stays. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with failed induction of labor among women undergoing induction at public hospitals of Mekelle city, Tigray origin, Ethiopia. Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with failed induction of labor among women undergoing induction at public hospitals of Mekelle city, Tigray, 2024/25 Method: A facility-based cross-sectional study design was implemented on 312 samples from women undergoing labor induction at public hospitals of Mekelle city from September to October, 2024. The sample size was allocated to the selected hospitals proportionally. A structured questionnaire was used for interview of woman on induction and checklist was used to extract data from medical records. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 27. Binary logistic regression model was used to see the association between dependent and independent variables and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the independent predictors of failed labor induction. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval computed and level of significance declared at P-value <0.05. Result: This study showed that the prevalence of failed induction was 26.3% (95% CI: 21.6- 31.4). Factors associated with failed inductions were; Lack of labor induction history (AOR: 10.6; 95% CI: 1.61-70.29), no artificial rupture of membrane (AOR: 4.1; 95% CI: 1.28–13.27), shorter maternal height, (AOR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.88–0.99), and longer induction-to-delivery time (AOR= 0.9, 95% CI: 0.80–0.98). Conclusion: The prevalence of failed induction was high in this study. Lack of labor induction history, no artificial rupture of membrane, shorter maternal height, and longer induction-todelivery time were independent predictors for failed induction of labor. Recognizing these factors and timely interventions can help reduce the risk of failed inductions and improve both maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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    TREATMENT OUTCOME AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN WITH SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION WHO ARE ADMITTED IN STABILIZATION CENTER OF PUBLIC HOSPITALS, IN EASTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA, 2024.
    (Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) HAGOS MEHARI
    Background: Globally, it is estimated that there are nearly 20 million children who are severely acutely malnourished. Undernutrition accounts for 45% of child mortality under the age of five, stunting still affects more than 5.4 million Ethiopian children. Researches are limited on treatment outcomes among sever acute malnutrition children in Tigray, Therefore, this study has the potential to fill this gap by providing evidences on treatment outcomes and associated factors among under-five children admitted in a stabilization center. Objective: The aim of the study is to assess treatment outcome and associated factors among children under-five with severe acute malnutrition who are admitted in a stabilization center, in public hospital in eastern zone of Tigray region 2024. Methods: A health facility-based cross-sectional study was done in 6 public hospitals of eastern zone of Tigray. The total sample size was 347 which were proportionally allocated for each hospital based on the estimated monthly case admission and participants were selected from each hospital using simple random sampling method. A pretest was done on 5% of the sample size in Kuiha hospital. In the Bivariate analysis variables with p-value < 0.25 were a candidate for the multivariable logistic regression analysis and statistical significance was declared at a p-value of <0.05. Result: Among 347 children, 70.3%, 19%, 6.3% and 4.6% of the cases were cured, died, transferred out and defaulters respectively. Children with better appetite upon admission (AOR = 3.849, 95% CI: 1.183–12.523), higher admission weight (AOR = 3.998, 95% CI: 2.022, 7.908), greater weight gain during treatment (AOR = 1.601, 95% CI: 1.096–2.339) and longer hospital stays (AOR = 1.222, 95% CI: 1.021–1.463) were associated with good treatment outcome. Conversely, the presence of fever at admission (AOR = 0.343, 95% CI: 0.152–0.772) was negatively associated with treatment success. Conclusions and Recommendations: Appetite upon admission, admission weight, fever, weight gain, and length of stay were significantly associated with treatment outcome. Based on these findings, it is recommended that healthcare facilities enhance nutritional support programs, manage fever and infections promptly, and monitor weight gain during hospitalization.
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    OUTCOMES OF EMERGENCY ADMISSIONS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG CHILDREN ADMITTED TO THE PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY UNIT OF PUBLIC HOSPITALS IN MEKELLE, ETHIOPIA, 2024.
    (Mekelle University, 2024-07-28) GIRMAY HALEFOM
    Background: Globally, approximately 5.2 million children under five die each year, with a significant proportion of these deaths occurring in hospitals following emergency admissions, underscoring persistent inequities despite declining mortality rates. In Ethiopia, the under-5 mortality rate stands at 55 per 1,000 live births, with emergency admissions accounting for 39% of pediatric hospitalizations. Despite global efforts, gaps remain in understanding the outcomes and factors influencing pediatric emergency admissions, particularly in low-resource settings. This study aims to assess the outcomes and associated factors of emergency admissions among children in selected public hospitals. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the outcomes of emergency admissions and associated factors among children admitted to the pediatric emergency unit of public hospitals In Mekelle, Ethiopia, 2024. Methods: A health facility-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected three public hospitals located in Mekelle, Ethiopia. The total sample size was 294, which was proportionally allocated across the hospitals based on their estimated monthly case admissions. Medical records from each hospital were selected using a simple random sampling method. A pretest was carried out on 5% of the sample size at Kuiha General Hospital. In the bivariate analysis, variables with a p-value < 0.2 were considered candidates for multivariable logistic regression analysis, with statistical significance set at a p-value of < 0.05. Result: Out of 294 children admitted to the pediatric emergency department, 45.2% showed clinical improvement, 25.9% required ICU transfer, 18.7% were moved to general wards, and 6.8% died. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that previous hospital visit (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.17, 11.64), previous admission (AOR = 6.37, 95% CI: 2.09, 19.45), children with comorbidities (AOR = 6.71, 95% CI: 2.32, 19.37) and malnourished children (AOR = 4.8, 95% CI: 1.23, 18.8) had significantly higher odds of death. Conclusion and recommendation: The mortality rate is high with previous hospital visit, previous admission, the presence of comorbidities and being malnourished were found to be strong predictors of poor outcomes, underscoring the need for early identification and targeted care for high-risk pediatric patients. Health facilities should enhance follow-up for previously hospitalized children and implement routine comorbidity screening.