Institute of Population Studies

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    DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF MODEL LIFE TABLES FOR ETHIOPIA TO IMPROVE MORTALITY ANALYSIS: A BRASS’ LOGIT APPROACH
    (Mekelle University, 2025-08-03) Hailay Mebrahtom Gebreegziabiher
    Ethiopia does not a have a functional vital registration system for its mortality analysis and the model life tables that exist today have been criticized for not capturing mortality experiences of the country because they did not include mortality data from the developing world while created. This study, therefore, aims to construct a mortality analysis tool -a system of model life tables - that addresses the issue of mortality analysis in Ethiopia using Brass’ logit approach. Infant Mortality Rates (IMRs) and Under - Five Mortality Rates (U5MRs) collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 were combined with survivorship functions derived from Ethiopian empirical life tables from the UN World Population Prospects (WPP) 2022. By averaging thirty years of UN survivorship functions for Ethiopia and its regions, tailored standard survivorship functions were developed. The original lx and the standard lsx survival functions were related via their logit transformations allowing for the computations of age specific mortality rates on the basis of the available data - IMRs and U5MRs. Finally, a complete set of model based abridged life tables was generated by fitting the parametric model to the transformed survival functions. The results indicate that the newly developed system of model life tables produced fairly comparable results to those found in the literature concluding its robustness and applicability. With a 7.7% increase in the likelihood of survival at birth, life expectancy increased by 16.977 years. IMRs and U5MRs decreased by 69.5% and 66% respectively and they differed from 12.88 deaths per 1000 live births in Addis Ababa to 43.94 in Benshangul - Gumuz; and from 28.16 deaths per 1000 live births in Addis Ababa to 77.32 in Benshangul - Gumuz respectively. Even though Ethiopia’s survival rate has improved over the previous three decades, more work is still demanded to lower the persistently high level of mortality, reach the global average life expectancy, and satisfy the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations to the greatest extent viable.
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    MAGNITUDE OF UN MET NEED FOR CONTRACEPTION AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE A CASE OF KERSA MALIMA WOREDA
    (Mekelle University, 2018-06-25) BEDADA MULUNEH
    The unmet need for contraception, which refers to the condition of wanting to avoid or delay childbearing, but without using any contraceptive method, has for decades been a central concept in the field of the international population. The concept had its origins in the first fertility and family planning studies carried out during 1960.This study is designed to assess the magnitude of an unmet need for contraception and its associated factors among currently married women of reproductive age in the Kersa Malima Woreda The study used both quantitative and qualitative study methods. Qualitative methods included focused group discussion (FGD) and key informant interviews. And also the quantitative method employed the community-based cross-sectional study design to assess an unmet need for contraceptive methods. Data for the quantitative study were collected using a structured questionnaire from a total sample size of 307 respondents. The number of married women within the reproductive age group was selected by systematic sampling from seven kebeles and included in the study. Quantitative data were analyzed, using of SPSS 16.0 version. In the analysis process, the frequency distributions of the variables have been calculated to describe them. The cross table was used to predict the relationship between the variables. The bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was used to predict the association of factors to the unmet need .The current prevalence of contraceptives among married women of reproductive age of kersa malima woreda was 62.8%. And the magnitude of unmet need for contraceptives was 23.4%, which 14.3% of women who wanted space births and 9.1% of women who wanted to limit births. The results of the bivariate analysis show that the age of the women, the educational status and the total numbers of children have been made to be associated with an unmet need for contraception. Accordingly, women aged less than and equal to29 years or younger were significantly about 1.9 times more likely to have unmet need for contraception than women aged above and equal 35 or older [AOC: 1.9, 95% Cl (0.18, 2.03)]. The magnitude of unmet need for contraception was lower as compared with other previous findings and the contraceptive prevalence rate was higher. Fear of side effects, lack of knowledge about contraceptive methods, and the husband opposed was reasoned that have been reported for not using contraceptive methods
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    ASSESSING THE INVOLVEMENT OF WOMEN IN ADULT NON-FORMAL EDUCATION CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS፡ A CASE STUDY OF ARBA MINCH CITY
    (Mekelle University, 2018-06-25) Askalech Ayano
    T This study primarily focuses on assessing the involvement of women in Adult Non-Formal Education (ANFE) Challenges and Prospects in relation to the cases in four selected ANFE centers such as Beare, Doysa, Dilfana and Menaharya kebeles in Arba Minch city (Secha and Sikela sub cities). To achieve this objective, the researcher designed descriptive survey with qualitative and quantitative approaches to data gathering and analysis. The researcher formulated three specific objectives directed towards assessing the current level of involvement of women in ANFE, knowing the attitudes and perceptions of participating women as to benefit gained by participating in the Program and identifying the existing challenges that deter women from full participation in ANFE program. To this end, the researcher prepared the questionnaire and administered for 70 women ANFE participants; an interview was conducted with 5 students from the class who ranked1-10 (top ten ANFE students), 2 facilitators, 1 school principal, and one educational expert, in order to gather qualitative data. The researcher conducted focus group discussions with 36 stakeholders from the ANFE within 4 groups having 9 participants. Then both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Hence, the results of the study revealed that there is the low level of women participation in ANFE and there is an explicit difference from the last two years (2007/08 E.C). It ranges from the majority satisfactory to very good. The findings revealed that women participate in ANFE positively benefits them to gain more understanding about personal and household hygiene, to improve their living condition, to improve and develop their writing and reading skills, to gain more awareness about HIV/AIDS, and to have more understanding about their rights and equalities. Besides, women involved in ANFE were more likely to send their children to school, manage their own income, participate in small and micro business, and have the good understanding of family planning. The study showed that women participant in ANFE helped them to build self-confidence, to improve their future life situations, to become leader to any position, to increase awareness about environmental protection, to improve their feeding habit, to decrease fertility rate by increasing their knowledge of family planning. Nevertheless, there exist challenges that hinder women from full participation in ANFE Program. These include the shortage of income, lack of trained facilitators, workload/house hold task/, lack of enough time to participate in the program, distance from their house to the ANFE center, family problems, lack of awareness about the program and limitations in government support were the major ones. Therefore, all ANFE stakeholders need to work in collaboration so as to enhance/sustain/ women participation in ANFE program
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    CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN’SPARTICIPATION IN SAVINGAND CRADIT COOPRATV SOCITIES: ( THE CASE OF DEGUA-TEMBEN WOREDA)
    (Mekelle University, 2018-06-25) ALEMAT AMARE
    Saving and credit cooperative societies are forms of financial institutions that provide their services to middle and lower income households in urban and rural areas. SACCOs are distinguished from other financial service providers in that they are owned by members and financial services are commonly targeted at members. This study was done with the objective of identifying the challenges and opportunities for women to participate in SACCOs in Degua Temben district. Descriptive type of research was used with a proportionate systematic sampling method to select the samples. Both primary and secondary data were collected through in depth interview, focus group discussion, questionnaires and document review. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive while qualitative data were used to triangulate the study. SPSS was used to analyze the study. The findings show that the main challenges caused for low participation of women in SACCOs are: low educational and training facilities, domestic work load, gender biases of local officials, low commitment of respondents to serve as management committee, men domination over women, inadequate capital, unable to pay dividend to members. On the other hand, access to extension service, government & NGOs support and availability of cultivable land were enabling opportunities for women to participate in SACCOs. The study recommended that encourage women to participate in SACCOs and support members to stand for election in various committees, training and education for women is crucial for engagement of new members, the financial potentials of the cooperatives should be strengthen through increasing membership, increasing monthly saving amount, decreasing unnecessary wastages, the cooperative desk should provide gender related training to their members as well as to the community to minimize the problem of cultural thinking on women, SACCOs should conduct on time audit and distribute dividends to members in order to benefit members and to attract new members, on time monitoring and evaluation should be conducted for SACCOs
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    CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND PARENTS’ PERCEPTION TOWARDS CHILD RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION: THE CASE OF KINDO KOYSHA WOREDA, WOLAYTA ZONE, SNNPR
    (Mekelle University, 2018-06-25) Abraham Woru
    Child migration is the movement of people ages under eighteen within or across political border, with or without their parents or a legal guardian, to another country or region. Child migration occurs all over the world and each region has its own particular patterns and context. In rural areas of the Kindo Koysha woreda, children are migrating to different urban centers of Ethiopia. Therefore, studying their parents’ perception towards migration is necessary to understand the concern of child rural-urban migration in the study area. The objective of this thesis is to study the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of parents’ whose children have children migrated to the urban area and parents’ whose children have never migrated to the urban area. The study further focused on identifying causes, consequences and assessing parents’ perception towards child rural-urban migration in the study area. In order to accomplish this study, a total of 160 respondents were selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection instruments like survey questionnaire, key informant interview from woreda and kebele officials were involved in the study. In addition, within three groups, more than 21 individuals included Focus Group Discussion have conducted. Both quantitative and qualitative types of data were collected and analyzed. Qualitative data analyzed by narration or discussion. However, quantitative data analyzed by using descriptive statistics using the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. The study findings indicate that the poor economic condition of household, a large number of family size, lack of access to infrastructures, the influence of prior migrant, shortage of agricultural land and parents’ perception are the causes of child rural urban migration in the study area. In addition to this, the miss handling of children, lack of educated youth employment, and aspiration of better life opportunities mentioned as another case in place of origin. The result of the survey data showed that some of households and community elders were encouraging child rural-urban migration; because, they believe that when one’s child/youths are in town, they acquire moral satisfaction whether he/she support or remit money or not. Therefore, the end of the study, to address the issue of child rural-urban migration in the study area, some possible suggestions proposed to the several concerned bodies of the study area.
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    ANTENATAL CARE SERVICE UTILIZATION AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE WOMEN WHO GIVE BIRTH: THE CASE OF WELKAIT WOREDA, WESTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY REGION
    (Mekelle University, 2018-06-25) MIMI AMBACHEW
    Background: Antenatal care is one of the important factors in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality; currently many women in developing countries including Ethiopia do not receive such care. The study aimed to assess Antenatal care Service utilization and its associated factors among reproductive age women who give birth the case of Welkait Woreda, Western zone of Tigray. Methods: A community based cross sectional study with quantitative and qualitative method was conducted from December 2017 to January 2018 in Welkait wereda. A systematic random sampling method was used to select 334 women at reproductive age who give birth from the list of households. Quantitative Data was employed using pre-tested structured questionnaire while the qualitative data was collected using FGD. Data obtained from primary sources were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21.Binary logistic regression was used to assess the possible association between the dependent and independent variable at 95% confidence interval p value <=0.05. Results: Among the study participant mothers, 70.25% of respondents visit at least one ANC visit during their last child pregnancy and only 29.75%, respondents received four and above ANC visit and 27.5% of respondents do not receive such care. This study has shown lower than the EDHS 2016 report 32 percent in Ethiopia and 56.5 Tigray regions, percent of mothers received the recommended four numbers of ANC visit. Educational level, at AOR=7.072 (3.002-16.663) and (13.2 (4.318-40.387), distance AOR= 10.38 (4.24 -25.4), intended pregnancy AOR=2.043 (1.009-4.137) and marital status AOR=.354(.162-.773) were significantly associated with ANC Service utilization in the study area. Conclusion: This study confirmed low ANC service utilization as compared to the WHO recommended at least four ANC visits during pregnancy. The main reason for not attending ANC service was due to long distance to the institution, workload, being in state of good health. Availability of infrastructure and improve opportunity of women in education will enhance utilization of ANC service.
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    SSESSMENT OF GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR IN RURAL AGRICULTURAL AND HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES: A CASE STUDY OF WELMERA WOREDA
    (Mekelle University, 2018-06-25) Yidnekachew Solomon
    In the study area, agriculture is the predominant economic activity characterized by mixed subsistence farming systems. The aim of the study was to assess gender division of labor in rural agriculture, household activities, and inspect the perceptional differential between male headed household (MHH) and female headed households (FHH) on major social constraints against women’s involvement in decision making. The necessary data were collected from three kebeles of Welmera woreda from 338 selected household (of which 235 were male HH and 103 were female HH). Two in-depth interviews (with one female KI and one male KI), and two focus group discussions (one with a group of male HHs and one with a group of female HH) were also conducted. The quantitative data were entered into computer and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results shows that the contribution of women in both male HHs and female HHs is highly significant in agricultural and household activities. Women in female headed households had much work load than women in male headed household. In male headed households, 63.8% of them were participating in storage container preparation, and also 61.7% of them in storing process. In male headed households, male and female were equally involved in threshing ground preparation (equal 59.2%) and cutting and gathering crop (equal 52.3%). Results of the analysis indicates that women in female headed household spent a larger fraction of their time on agricultural and household activities than women in male headed household. From the results it is seen that a number of social and cultural factors govern the level of women involvement in various social sphere. The study recommends that the woreda agricultural sector and concerned bodies should create awareness on gender division of labor in agricultural and household activities to break down major social constrains and to balance the distribution of labor.
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    ASSESSMENT OF THE KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF WOMEN TOWARDS CERVICAL CANCER, THE CASE OF MEKELLE CITY, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA,ACOMMUNITY BASED STUDY
    (Mekelle University, 2018-06-25) Bisrat Gebremeskel
    Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common female cancer in the women aged 15 to 44 years in the world. Every year, around 527,624 develop cervical cancer and 265,672 die from the disease, globally with about 84.6% (446, 546,) in developing countries. In Africa about 99,038 new cases of cervical cancer are recorded annually. In Ethiopia also 7,095 new cases are recorded and out of this, over 4,732 women die from the disease annually. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and perception towards cervical cancer among women aged 15-49. Community based cross-sectional study design with quantitative method was conducted from December 2017 to May 2018 in Mekelle city. Multistage sampling technique was used to select women respondent. The quantitative data was collected by providing interview from 382 community participants .Health extension workers /who are diploma nurse was administered a questionnaire using face-to-face interviews. The data collection was supervised by trained supervisors. This finding shows 53.9% of the participants had sufficient knowledge about cervical cancer. After adjusting for covariates, having sufficient knowledge about cervical cancer was positively associated with mothers’ occupation and educational label. Respondents those who were Gov't employee AOR: 9.98; 95% CI were more likely to have sufficient knowledge about cervical cancer compared to those who were housewife and those who had some form of education were more likely to have sufficient knowledge. Women who attended preparatory AOR=68.808(12.011-394.190) and those who had secondary and above educational status AOR=10.191(2.040-50.913) were also more knowledgeable than those who were unable to read and write. In this finding majority of the respondents ever heard about cervical cancer, however almost half of them did not have sufficient knowledge. Specifically, the knowledge on risk factors, symptoms, prevention and treatment methods was not satisfactory. Education and screening program should be given integrated with ANC and family planning services and the screening program should extend to near community at health centers.
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    CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF FIRST MARITAL DISSOLUTION: A CASE STUDY OF JIDDA WOREDA IN NORTH SHEWA ZONE OROMIYA REGIONAL STATE
    (Mekelle University, 2018-06-25) Batiru Abilu
    Although marital dissolution has become an important subject of population studies, sociology, demographic and psychological research in Ethiopia, there are few researches done in Ethiopia in general and no research conducted in the Jidda woreda in particular. The main objective of this study was to assess the causes and consequence of first marital dissolution in Jidda woreda. The study has employed quantitative and qualitative data types from primary and secondary data sources. The Questionnaire was administered to 106 divorced informants. Also, the study used the experiences of divorcees from their own point of view by using the qualitative in-depth interview method with the combination of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) as well as key informant interviews. In case of the sampling method, simple random sampling was used to select 7(seven) sampling kebeles in the woreda, while 106 targeted divorcees were selected by purposive sampling. In the last five years (2013-2017) petition provided (657) for divorce and divorced (220) spouses data has been used as a point of observation. Result of study indicate that, causes of first marital dissolution includes financial problem, crime, argument on benefit sharing, migration for pursue of money, marriage without introduction, infidelity, dishonoring together, apprehend bad conduct, interference of external bodies and neglect community value are the main issues. Actually, 69.45% of the respondents have been agreed and 12.54% have been disagreed with factor reason for union dissolution. Also, marital dissolution has immense impact on the individual who have undergone through the divorce process that leads them to face various complexities such as pressure on remarriage, exposed to the sexually transmitted disease, isolated from social value, depression, unpleasant relationship and exposed to unsafe expenditure. Meanwhile, 73% and 25.7% of respondents have been agreed and disagreed respectively. Also, the occurrence of divorce is distracting the existed good relationships with the family, mental and health of children, and traditional values of the society. Therefore, the study has recommended that marital dissolution is not the best alternative for a couple by simple issue. Also, individual, religious leader, traditional mediators, social workers, government and Nongovernment organization have to commit and contributed to solve the problem.
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    ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVES AMONG REGULAR PREPARATORY AND TVET FEMALE STUDENTS THE CASE OF SETIT- HUMORA TOWN, WESTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY
    (Mekelle University, 2018-06-25) Adanech Alebel
    Background: Emergency contraceptive (EC) is used as a back-up birth control method to prevent unintended pregnancy after sex in the event of unprotected sex, sexual assault, or a contraceptive failure, such as a condom breaking. Objective: to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of emergency contraceptive among female students of Preparatory & TVET Schools. Methods: A cross-sectional study design and systematic random sampling technique were used among 222 female students in Setit Humora town. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression analysis; model was used. Results: from the total female students participated in this study (n=222) ninety-eight (44.1%) had positive attitude towards EC, 48.45% respondents had knowledge about EC. Of these (103) sexual active respondents only 9.7% respondents reported that they had used emergency contraceptive. Lack of knowledge about EC, religions motivation and want to be pregnant were the main reason mentioned for not using EC. Age of respondents at OR=10.45[95%CI (1.274- 85.958)], Education level at OR=9 (95% CI.143--15.465), marital status OR=14.166 [95% CI2.838-.70.727), fathers education OR=5.8 (95%CI 1.023--32.890), ever heard about EC at OR =29.8(95%CI5.6-158.783) and respondents who live with boyfriends 6.49(95%CI 1.45-27.984) were significantly associated with practicing of EC in the study area. Conclusion: KAP toward EC among sampled female students is low. Therefore, government and other stakeholders should plan to promote the provision of information, education and communication targeting young females, and the general community to increase KAP toward emergency contraceptive.