Institute of Paloenvironment and Heritage Conversation

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THE IMPCAT OF THE TIGRAY WAR (Nov. 2020 to Nov 2202) ON THE EONOCEMY OF STRA -RATED HOTESL: THE CASE OF AXUM
(Mekelle University, 2024-01-21) Tsegay Resom
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND DOCUMENTATION ON THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF KEBAKIB AND NEBAR KETEMA IN QUIHA SUB-CITY, MEKELLE ZONE, TIGRAY
(Mekelle University, 2024-01-21) BRHANE BERHE
The main aim of this study is to carried out an archaeological survey and document on the potential archaeological sites of Qebakib and Nebar ketema in Tabya May tsedo Quha Wereda, Zone Mekelle Tigray. In this study the researcher used pre- field work, field observation, interview and focus group discussion with the local residents for collecting data and both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis has been used. In this case, in the study area two archaeological sites are identified and documented. From these two archaeological sites, one archaeological site is reported before and the rest one archaeological sites are not previously reported. The study area is rich in the archaeological findings such as, potsherds, bone fragments, grinding stones, pillars, Burial sites. In all of the archaeological sites, pottery fragments are the dominant recoveries. Based on the comparison of the identified and documented material cultures with the previous sites, the study area dated to the Aksumite time periods. Even if the study area is potentially rich archaeological sites, they are destructed by both natural and cultural factors. Finally, this study gives a direction for future investigation and their conservation works in the future
ANTHROPLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE TIGRAY WAR ON THE LIVELIHOODS OF TOWN RESIDENTS AND COPING STRATEGIES; A CASE OF ADDISHEHO TOWN, ALAJE WOREDA, SOUTHERN TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-06-25) FITSUM ABEBE GEBREKIDAN
This research investigates the anthropological implications of the Tigray war on the livelihoods and coping strategies of residents in Addisheho town, Alaje woreda, southern Tigray, Ethiopia. Data were Utilizing a qualitative ethnographic approach, data were collected from 250 participants through in depth interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, case studies, and observation. The findings indicate that the war led to the collapse of primary livelihoods such as agriculture, public employment, trade and formal or informal work, alongside significant property destruction and weakened social support systems. Gender roles shifted notably, with women assuming greater economic responsibilities due to male unemployment and displacement. The education sector suffered setbacks from school closures and resource loss. Residents adapted various coping strategies – livelihood diversification, asset liquidation, and community resilience – through many proved unsuitable. The study concludes that the war’s impacts extend beyond material loss to encompass changes in social structure, gender dynamics, and cultural practices. It highlights the necessity for culturally informed and locally driven post-conflict recovery efforts that include psychological and economic rehabilitation.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN NA’EDER WEREDA, CENTRAL ZONE OF TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-07-28) NEBEYAT TEKA
This thesis presents the results of an archaeological survey undertaken in Na’eder Wereda, central zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia, aimed at assessing and documenting archaeological sites and developing a tentative chronology. Addressing the gap in knowledge regarding unexplored sites, the research employed a descriptive methodology for analyzing surface finds. The survey successfully identified ten archaeological sites, eight of which are newly discovered, significantly expanding our understanding of the study area’s history. It acknowledges some limitations while conducting surface survey and the challenge of dating surface material. Comparative analysis of the recovered sites and artifacts with established material culture sequences from northern Ethiopia has allowed for the development of a tentative chronological framework spanning the Pre-Aksumite, Proto-Aksumite, and Aksumite periods. However, the survey also revealed substantial threats to the cultural heritage of the area, stemming from agricultural practices, construction, soil erosion etc. The thesis concludes with a set of specific recommendations designed for future archaeological research, to address the described challenges and ensure the long-term preservation of these significant archaeological sites.
Evaluating the Implementation of an International Hotel Grading System: A Case Study of Mekelle City, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-12-25) Welday Hagos Tesfay
This study evaluates the implementation of International Hotel Grading System (IHGS) in Mekelle city, country Ethiopia focusing on Stakeholders perception and key challenges in adhering to grading standards. Predominantly, it examines the disparity between the star rating and actual hotel performance, factors affecting the grading system, and the impact of customer dissatisfaction on hotel competitiveness and reputation. Using a mixed methods approach, data was collected through structured questionnaires from 53 respondents and semi structured interviews from 3 participants through census, quota and purposive sampling techniques. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, while quantitative insights were thematically interpreted. The findings disclose inconsistent grading application, inadequate training, financial constraints, and misaligned service quality. Despite the IHGS enhances competitiveness; challenges in subjectivity of the criteria, fairness and transparency and low capacity of assessors persist. Accordingly, recommendations emphasize on review and revise of the criteria, stakeholders’ involvement, assessor’s capacity building and regulatory oversight to align grading outcomes with service delivery and guests’ expectations.
Safe Eats, Reliable Nourishment: Assessing Food Safety and Hygiene Practices among Street Food Vendors in Mekelle City
(Mekelle University, 2024-12-25) Tewelde Kiross Berhe
Street vendors prepare and/or sell ready-to-eat food and beverages in public areas. In a number of developing nations, the street food industry is presently expanding. Its increase is linked to urbanization and the need for jobs and food among city people. They present a serious risk to consumers even though they are widely accessible and reasonably priced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the food hygiene practices of street food vendors in Mekelle City. A predetermined criterion-based of purposive sampling method was employed for the quantitative procedures of the study, consistent with its descriptive design. A scheduled Questionnaire and face-to-face observation checklist were used to gather information from street food vendors. SPSS version 27 was used to analyze the data, and it applied descriptive statistics. The survey included 85 street food vendors. Eighty-six (86) percent of the responses, or 75 vendors, were young women. Based on the frequency distribution of their ages, 72 (84.7%) of the vendors were between the ages of 18 and 35. Just 14 suppliers (16.5%) reported having received formal training on awareness and training. One significant finding was that 84.7% of food vendors did not have access to hand-washing stations, and 96.5% did not have appropriate trash cans. Furthermore, only 97.1% of people covered their heads. Comparing Mekelle City's street food vendors to the WHO's to safer food standards revealed significant gaps in food safety and hygiene practices; for example, none of the vendors checked the doneness of their food using a thermometer. To summarize, in terms of safe, reliable nourishment and hygiene practices, the survey revealed critical gaps that pose risks to food hygiene practices among the vendors. Based on the report it is suggested that to create a strategic plan to allocate certain locations for street food vendors, to develop a clear and simple guideline for better regulatory enforcement to enhance food safety standards and urgent need for training programs to alleviate the problem that can lead to majority benefits in Mekelle City and other similar settings.
EXAMANING THE POST WAR HERITAGE LANDSCAPE: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ROCK HEWEN CHURCHES OF GHEREALTA CLUSTER, TIGRAI, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-21) GIRUM TEWELDE
This research examines the post-war heritage landscape of the GRHCs in Tigray, Ethiopia, focusing on the impact of conflict on the tourism sector and exploring strategies for recovery and sustainable development. The region, home to a collection of ancient and culturally significant churches, has faced severe damage from the recent conflict, resulting in a decline in heritage preservation and tourism. The study's primary objective is to understand the challenges and opportunities for revitalizing the tourism industry in Gherealta by addressing key aspects such as infrastructure, community involvement, heritage conservation, and sustainability. The study’s methodology combines qualitative and quantitative research approaches, including interviews with local stakeholders, tour guides, and hotel operators and surveys from tourists and local community members. The research aims to answer critical questions related to the physical and intangible damage to the churches, the role of the local community in post-conflict tourism, the infrastructural barriers to tourism development, and the strategic measures needed for long-term sustainability. The findings of the study reveal significant challenges, including the widespread damage to the churches, deteriorated infrastructure, and a lack of local engagement in the tourism sector. Additionally, security concerns and a lack of resources have contributed to a sharp decline in tourist numbers. The study identifies several key strategies to address these challenges, including the restoration and preservation of rock-hewn churches, infrastructure development, the promotion of community-based tourism initiatives, and the implementation of sustainable tourism practices. Collaboration with international heritage organizations such as UNESCO and the establishment of public-private partnerships are also highlighted as essential steps for recovery. The research concludes by emphasizing the need for a comprehensive, multi-dimensional approach to tourism development that balances heritage conservation with community empowerment and sustainable growth. By integrating advanced technologies, fostering regional and global collaborations, and ensuring continuous research and monitoring, Gherealta can transition from a post-conflict recovery phase to a thriving cultural tourism destination. This study provides a roadmap for the revitalization of Gherealta, offering actionable recommendations that can serve as a model for other war-affected heritage sites
THE IMPACT OF TIGRAY WAR ON HERITAGE AND HERITAGE TOURISM: A CASE OF TIGRAY MARTYRS MEMORIAL MUSEUM
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-21) YEMANE GEBREHIWOT
This research investigates the impact of Tigray War (2020-2022) on the Tigray Martyrs Memorial Museum in Mekelle, Ethiopia. The museum, established in 2008, showcases the sacrifices of the people of Tigray in the war against the Derg regime. During the Tigray war Ethiopian National Defense Forces had used the museum as a military camp for eight months. As result of this the Martyrs Memorial Museum faces extensive physical destruction, looting, and cultural vandalism lost the museum's collection, infrastructure, the resting places of the martyrs body and the historical collections and exhibition. This research applies a mixed-methods design, based on qualitative and quantitative data through questionnaires, interviews, and secondary sources to assess the impact of the war on the museum. The findings indicate a significant impact on the physical and cultural heritages of the museum, visitor experiences have declined along with tourism activities. And this paper also points out important recommendation’s for post-conflict recovery strategies like collaborative restoration process with the local community, diaspora, and international organizations; a sustainable approach to heritage management; educational initiatives; and promoting the museum as an icon of Tigrayan identity and resilience. It also recommends that those damaged sections of the museum stay as historical narratives of atrocity, complemented by modern conservation techniques to help for education for the next generation, and to manage peaceful cultural tourism activity in post-conflict situations
Dynamics of Hotel Owners and Management Team Relationships in Star Rated Hotels in Mekelle, Tigray Northern Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) Goiteom Bahta
The primary objective of this research is to evaluate dynamics of owner and management team relationships in star rated hotels in Mekelle, Tigray Northern Ethiopia. The research methodology for this study on the dynamics of management and hotel owner relations in Mekelle star-rated hotels employs a mixed approach, predominantly qualitative approach to gain indepth insights into the complexities of these relationships. For the purpose of the study 8 star rated hotels were selected namely, Planet , Noble Yehdega, Zemarias, Desta, Axum 1 & 2, Atse Yohannis and Ze-Yordanos Hotels. From these hotels 60 respondents including management teams, hotel owners/ representatives, senior line staffs and experts from tourism offices were approached. 8 key informants’ interviews also were selected purposefully based on their knowledge and experience in the area of study. The findings reveal that the ownership styles of the hotels are sole proprietorship and partnership. The findings show that most owners failed to grant autonomy to the management teams in the decision making process. The finding also shows complex interplay between ownership objectives and management practices. Owners primarily focus on financial returns and adherence to local regulations, which include health and safety standards. This emphasis often leads to a top-down approach in decision-making, where owners may prioritize short-term profits over long-term strategic initiatives. In contrast, management teams stress the importance of guest experiences, reflecting the unique approach is characterized by a commitment to engaging with guests in a manner that builds trust and fosters loyalty. To address these challenges, the research emphasizes the necessity for enhanced communication and collaboration between hotel owners and management teams. By involving managers in strategic discussions and decision-making processes, owners can better align their financial goals with the cultural and operational imperatives that drive guest satisfaction. The findings offer practical recommendations for stakeholders seeking to optimize performance, enhance guest experiences, and foster sustainable growth in the competitive landscape of the hospitality sector
ASSESSING THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INITIATIVES OF THREE- AND FOUR-STAR RATED HOTELS AND THEIR POSITIVE IMPACT ON THE LOCAL COMMUNITY: A CASE STUDY OF MEKELLE CITY
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) GEBREYESUS BIRHANE
Nowadays, hospitality industry establishments, especially hotels, are the major component and innovators in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) concept, the major concern of this century's business enterprise. As a vital economic sector, the hospitality industry plays a significant role in promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR) to ensure the well-being of local communities. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) of hotels is considered an ideal vehicle for ensuring the local community's well-being, and this industry has been chosen as one of the top priorities for economic growth in Ethiopia. However, CSR practices in developing countries are taken the wrong way and abused due to limited empirical evidence and many investigations. So, this paper examines the CSR initiatives of three- and four-star hotels in Mekelle City, Tigrai, focusing on their alignment with community needs, the positive impact on local development, and associated opportunities and challenges. Primary and secondary sources of data were used. To meet the objectives of the study, a mixed-methods approach was used, the research integrates quantitative data from surveys and qualitative insights from interviews with hotel managers, employees, and community leaders. The researcher uses probability (simple random sampling) and nonprobability (purposive sampling) as sample designs. The study employed a descriptive case study research design to investigate the social responsibility initiatives of three- and four-star hotels in Mekelle City and their positive impact on the local community. A descriptive method of data analysis and descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze the impacts of social responsibility initiatives on the local community and to describe the mean, percent, frequency, and standard deiation through the SPSS software application as well. The findings of the study show that while CSR practices in Mekelle's hotel sector include local employment, and environmental initiatives; their alignment with the community's socio-economic priorities remains inconsistent. Hotels face challenges such as limited financial resources, lack of government support, and insufficient awareness of CSR principles. However, opportunities exist to enhance brand reputation, employee satisfaction, and community relations through strategic CSR implementation
RECRUITMENT AND EMPLOYEE RETENTION PRACTICES OF AXUM AND PLANET HOTELS IN MEKELLE, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) GEBEREGZIABHER MEKONNEN
This study analyses recruitment and employee retention practices of Axum and Planet hotels in Mekelle, Ethiopia. It has employed mixed approaches to conduct the study including questionnaires and interviews as data-gathering tools. This study has collected primary and secondary data sources through structured questionnaires and interview questions for the employees and Management bodies respectively. The total number of respondents are 70 (40 from Axum hotel and 30 from planet hotel). Results of this study show that male employees exceed that of females. Most of the employees (30%) in these star category hotels' educational background is under a diploma and most of them are employees (25%) of food and beverage. High competition and unsatisfactory workplace practices drive turnover, and retention strategies are underdeveloped. Recruitment processes are largely perceived as ineffective. According to the findings of the study, high completion from others is the most challenging both hotels face in recruiting skilled professionals. Better job offers are the main reasons employees leave in both Axum and Planet hotels as the study reveals. The contribution of this research is to indicate strategic planning and investment in human resources are essential to address these challenges effectively like regularly reviewing and adjusting wages to remain competitive, offering flexible schedules and promote a healthy worklife balance. Provide clear career development opportunities, recognize and reward employee contributions and build a positive workplace culture. This study applauds or congratulates that the hospitality industry in Mekelle city is undergoing a significant expansion and effective recruitment practices are important for hotels seeking to attract and retain top tier or row professionals which the HR /Human Resource/consistently implement to upgrade quality services
Assessment of Customer Satisfaction in Star Hotels in Mekelle: A Case Study of Northern Star and Aksum Hotels
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) Solomon Fitsum Kahsay
Post Crisis Recovery of Star Rated Hotels in Mekelle and Its Challenges
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) Tesfay Abraha G/slassie
The dual challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and civil unrest have significantly affected the hospitality sector in Mekelle, Ethiopia. This research primarily aims to investigate the postcrisis recovery of star-rated hotels in Mekelle and identify the challenges encountered in the wake of war and the pandemic. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study distributed 70 self-administered questionnaires to hotel Professionals owners and industry experts across various star-rated establishments. The sample size was determined using Purposive sampling to ensure representativeness. Primary data were gathered through these questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained from organizational reports and relevant academic literature. Data analysis utilized simple descriptive statistics, including frequency and percentage. The findings indicate that both the pandemic and civil unrest have resulted in substantial declines in hotel revenue, increased unemployment, shifts in consumer preferences, and a significant disruption of the recovery trajectory within the hospitality sector. The study underscores the critical need for hotels to prioritize the safety and security of both employees and guests. Furthermore, it advocates for strategic diversification of services and the implementation of adaptive operational frameworks to effectively navigate the complexities of recovery. This research offers valuable insights into the resilience of star-rated hotels in Mekelle amidst unprecedented challenges, laying the groundwork for future strategies aimed at promoting recovery and sustainability in the hospitality industry
Comparative analysis of Customer Service Provision in selected hotels in Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia; cases of Axum and Planet hotels
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) Abraham Seged Kahsay
This research conducts a comparative analysis of service provision at two star-rated hotels in Mekelle, namely Axum and Planet Hotels. The study is motivated by the rapid growth of the hospitality industry in Ethiopia, contrasted with persistent inconsistencies in service quality that affect guest satisfaction. The primary objective is to assess the service provision and identify factors influencing service delivery in both hotels. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the research combines quantitative data from a sample of 200 respondents, alongside qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews with department heads and relevant stakeholders. The findings reveal significant disparities in service quality, primarily due to differences in staff training and operational practices.While Planet Hotel has implemented structured training initiatives, Axum Hotel faces challenges in maintaining consistent service delivery owing to inadequate ongoing staff development. Moreover, both hotels lack effective systems for collecting and responding to guest feedback, inhibiting their ability to adapt to customer needs. The research highlights the critical role of service quality in fostering customer satisfaction and operational effectiveness within the hospitality sector. Recommendations for improvement include enhancing staff training, establishing robust feedback mechanisms, and developing unique value propositions to differentiate both hotels in a competitive market. This study serves as a benchmark for other establishments in Mekelle and contributes to the broader discourse on the significance of quality service in economic development and cultural exchange
ASSESSMENT OF E-MARKETING PRACTICES IN STAR-RATED HOTELS: A CASE STUDY OF MEKELLE CITY, TIGRAI
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) Million Assfaw Gebregergs
This study assesses the effectiveness and implementation of e-marketing practices in star-rated hotels, focusing on Mekelle, Tigrai. It examines how digital marketing strategies enhance online presence, attract customers, and drive retention. Despite the growing importance of e-marketing in tourism and hospitality, its adoption remains limited in the city. A mixed-methods approach was used, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data collection. Primary data was gathered through semi-structured questionnaires, surveys with open- and close-ended questions, and direct assessments of online platforms such as websites and social media. Secondary data was obtained from published rating criteria. A census sampling technique was applied to collect data from 38 respondents, including hotel managers, marketing managers, receptionists, and government experts. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS v.30, while qualitative insights were examined through content analysis. Findings indicate that while most hotels maintain an online presence through websites and social media, e-marketing remains underutilized. Some hotels employ a multi-channel approach incorporating email marketing, Google Ads, and mobile apps, whereas others rely solely on basic digital platforms. The frequency of updates varies significantly. Key barriers to e-marketing adoption include limited market analysis, many hotels fail to analyze global trends and target markets, restricting their ability to adapt to customer needs. Additionally, a lack of understanding of the competitive landscape prevents hotels from recognizing their market position limiting opportunities for differentiation and growth. Insufficient marketing budgets and lack of technical expertise further hinder the effectiveness of digital marketing efforts, the study recommends enhanced market research initiatives that equip hotels with insights into consumer behavior, industry trends, and competitive positioning. Establishing benchmarking and competitor analysis frameworks would help hotels better understand their market standing and identify opportunities for differentiation. Additionally allocation budget, capacity-building programs, including technical training in digital marketing and the hiring of skilled professionals would further improve adoption and effectiveness. Despite these challenges, the study highlights significant opportunities for improvement. A strategic focus on digital marketing could enhance occupancy rates, strengthen customer engagement, and contribute to the growth of Tigrai’s tourism and hospitality industry.
Contribution of Indigenous knowledge to economic development of Creative Industries in Tigray: Case Studies of Basketry and Embroidery in Adi-haqi Market, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-25) Tsigab Berihu Beyene
the creative industries employ mainly culture, creativity and economy and one of its sectors is the handicrafts which is a big potential for economic development in countries with diverse natural resource, culture and heritages. This study, therefore, attempts to investigate the economic contribution of the indigenous knowledge in basketry and embroidery products sold in Adi Haqi market of Mekelle city, Tigray region, Ethiopia. It also explores indigenous knowledge’s role in adding multiple values to the crafts and the challenges and opportunities the two creative industries encounter. Primary data were collected from artisans, handicraft merchants in the micro and small enterprises (MSEs), fashion designers, office of MSEs development of tabia Selam and Tigray bureau of culture and tourism using in-depth interview, key informant interview, focus group discussion (FGD), case studies and observation. findings show that most of the knowledge, materials, process and techniques of the handicrafts are local and they add values including aesthetic, expressive, functional, religious, social, national and historical, political values to the products that increase their importance and price and provide financial gain. Both handicrafts enable craft makers and handicraft merchants become economically self-sufficient and support their household. Although basketry does not generate much revenue to governmental income and has little contribution in job creation in urban environment, the Alaba Adi business, which is based on the art of embroidery, has very high job creation and tax income generation capacity. Although they are 6.3% of the total MSEs in Adi Haqi market, the Aleba Adi shops contribute 70-80% of tax revenue. They have also a high job creation capacity. in the year of 2024/25, out of the people who started MSEs businesses in 14 sectors, 39 (32%) of them were in the Aleba Adi sector. sight problems, back aches, financial shortages costly cross-border transportation fee are challenges in the realm of basketmaking while Aleba Adi sector has shortage of electricity, incapability of accessing new fabrics as challenges. Opportunities in both sectors include cultural and religious holidays and social events, social media, the public acceptance cultural costume, government’s encouragement through skill trainings and loan arrangements. Besides, the ongoing efforts of Tigray culture and tourism bureau to integrate handicrafts with tourism and the Home Grown Economic Reform (HGER) ten years development plan 2021-2030 can be additional opportunities if applied properly. The study, then, recommends a proper application of the current national developmental plan in Tigray Region, an organized effort of supporting artisans and further ethnographical research on the indigenous knowledge of these handicrafts in their place of origin.
ASSESSMENT OF THE CHALLENGES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS SITES: THE CASE OF GAMBELLA TOWN
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-28) CHUOL GATLUAK KEAT
This study objective is assessing the challenges that hamper the development of tourist attractions in Gambella town. The premise for this research problem is that though Gambella town is endowed of multiple tourist attractions which include natural and manmade tourist sites. Tourist sites in Gambella is in miniature comparing to its potential and challenges of tourist resources are not studied yet. In order to assess such challenges the researcher had selected three prominent tourist attractions which include manmade and natural tourist attractions sites. These sites are the Baro/Openo Bridge, Baro/Openo River and Ter-jueni/Jejebe broken stones. So as to analyze the aforementioned research problem the researcher had set specific research questions on the factor that challenges the development of tourist attractions precede to issues that need to be done for their development in the study area. This study has used a descriptive and exploratory research design. To answer these questions the researcher had deployed an inclusive respondents that includes host community of the destination, staffs from Gambella culture and tourism bureau, hotel managers and Gambella University instructors from the department of tourism and hotel management. The research has used a questionnaire, interview, document analysis and flied observation to collect data. The researcher has used non-probability sampling which include purposive and snow ball sampling and finally set 24 sample size or informants for questionnaire. For the interview, the researcher had selected 12-24 representative interviewees using purposive sampling. Data collected quantitatively was analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) and described using frequency, tables, graphs and charts. Data collected qualitatively was also analyzed qualitatively. On the base of the data interpretation the researcher concludes that the factors that affect the development of tourist attraction sites were; political instability, lack of marketing and promotion policy in the destination, absence of community involvement in the development, inhospitality of the residents in the area, lack of knowledge and awareness of host about the importance of tourist attractions, lack of infrastructure services in the town, absence of tour guides, absence of travel agents, tour operators, lack of quality accommodation services, low in government interference in the affair, and lack of security, safety as well as availability of crime in the destination. To alleviate these challenges all tourism stakeholders must work to improve the infrastructural services, accommodation services, transportation services, abolish the political instability in the region as whole, government must take action in those area where safety and security were not good. To the totality of this study, researcher comes up with premise that all tourism stakeholders must abolish those challenges.
HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES AT WUKRO ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM AND CHERKOS ROCK-HEWN CHURCH, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-28) Fetle Abebe Demissie
This thesis documents the current heritage management practices at Wukro archaeological museum and Cherkos Rock-Hewn Church in Tigray. It also attempts to identify the prevailed management challenges that negatively affects the heritage management practices. It is generally understood that by managing their heritage, people ensure the preservation of cultural identity, facilitate education, generate economic benefits, and promote community and social cohesion. Museums and churches play a crucial role in the preservation and management of heritage collections. They serve as custodians of cultural artifacts, providing a controlled environment for the storage, display, and interpretation of heritage items. At the same time, however, they face several challenges in managing the collections they housed. In order to document the management practices and identify the challenges, the researcher employed both qualitative and quantitative method in order to gather the data as well as analyze the data. The result of the study shows that human factor such as low level of awareness, lack of trained personnel and the absence of the required infrastructure including finance are the primary challenge to the museum and church collection. Additionally, the study reveals that environmental factors such as water leakage, cracking, flacking and the ever-changing climatic conditions are the secondary challenge. Finally, it is concluded that the active participation of the local community as well as collaborative planning and action of the stakeholders are important steps towards the enhancement of management practices as well as making sustainable use of heritage resources within these priceless heritage custody in Wukro, Tigray
The socio-cultural and Economic consequence of Tigray war on Returnees in Hawzen Woreda: A Case of Megab Tabia in Eastern Tigray-Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-21) Birhane Mezgebe Gebremeskel
Due to the Tigray war opened in 2020 millions of people have been displaced from their home land for the sake of peace and stability. The war devastates communities’ infrastructure, like schools, health care center, factories, and individuals house, not only these damages people’s mentality. The main objective of this research study was to investigate the socio cultural and Economic consequences of Tigray war on returnee. Under the main objective, the socio-cultural situation of the returnees as a result of the war, the survival strategies of the war affected people, and the reintegration challenges of returnees were examined. To meet these objectives, focus group discussion, key informant interview, and household survey were employed to collect the data. The research design, and approach was descriptive, and qualitative respectively. The study shows the sociocultural situation of returnee mainly food insecurity, social disarticulation, jobless ness, morbidity, and sexual violence have been increased. They have been also challenged to reform their former life in terms of their economy, and mental health, and encountered several problems to serve their life like having less access to medical services, trauma healing process. They were enforced to serve their life engaging in begging, resilience and adaptability were used as means survival strategy to sustain their life
WAR-RELATED GENDER BASED VIOLENCE AND ITS SOCIAL IMPACT IN AKSUM CITY, TIGRAY; AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-25) NEBYAT YACHEM
This ethnographic study examines war-related gender-based violence (GBV) and its social impact in Aksum, Tigray, following the devastating war. The primary objective was to assess GBVs forms, intent, and consequences, while exploring survivor wellbeing, community attitudes, mitigation strategies, and recommendations. Using a descriptive research design, the study engaged 50 participants 15 in-depth interviews, 8 key informants, and 27 focus group discussants selected via purposive snowball sampling. Qualitative data analysis included tabular discussions and percentages. Findings revealed widespread GBV during the war, including physical, sexual, psychological, and economic violence. Survivors suffered severe physical injuries, psychological trauma, sexually transmitted infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS), gynecological complications, unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and even death. The violence transcended educational, religious, ethnic, and age differences, deeply harming women, girls, families, and communities. Social stigma further marginalized survivors, exacerbating their distress. To mitigate these effects, the study recommends: enhancing education and awareness, providing psychosocial and medical support, involving men and boys in prevention efforts, enforcing stricter GBV laws, and promoting gender equality and womens empowerment. The study stresses the urgent need for coordinated action by government bodies, NGOs, civil societies, and stakeholders to implement GBV prevention programs, support survivors, and hold perpetrators accountable. Addressing GBV is critical not only for individual recovery but also for broader community development and social stability in post-war Tigray.