Department of Zoonosis and Food Safety

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    HANDLING PRACTICES AND POST-HARVEST LOSSES OF RAW COW MILK PRODUCED AND MARKETED IN MEKELLE CITY, TIGRAY REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Mekelle University, 2023-11-28) Teame Ataklti Gebrehiwot
    The study was conducted from December 2022 to November 2023 in four selected sub-cities of Mekelle, Tigray region, Ethiopia, aimed to assess the general hygienic handling practice and post-harvest losses of raw cow milk produced and marketed in Mekelle city. A total of 160 respondents were interviewed to collect the required information from milk producers, vendors and cafeteria using a semi-structured questionnaire and observational check lists. Survey work includes hygienic milk handling practices, milk marketing channels, methods of milk quality tests, milk utilization, post-harvest losses of milk and constraints of milk production, processing and marketing. About 52.5% of the respondents were females and the rest 47.5% were males. From the total interviewed members about 33.8% were attend elementary school followed by high school(26.9%),diploma(22.5%),read and write (6.9%),degree (3.1%) and illiterates (2.5%). In the current study area, the average milk production per week was 123.09 liters/week. In the present study showed that majority of the respondents clean the barn once a day. Nearly all respondents used plastic containers for milking, storage and transportation purpose. This survey results revealed that cleaning of milk handling equipment is common in all respondents. The water source for milk producers (46.5%), vendors (100%) and cafeteria (100%) was tap water. The entire household in the study area were washed and smoked their milk containers for the purpose of improving flavor and increasing shelf life. Organoleptic and density test were the main methods of milk quality test. The weekly milk post-harvest losses for milk producers, vendors and cafeteria were 0.60%, 0.25% and 0.70% respectively. The main constraints of milk processing in the study area were lack of small scale processing equipment, low milk supply and poor milk quality. Among the milk handling practices conducted by milk vendors, sources of milk, types of milk containers and cleaning agents were significantly (p<0.05) associated with the age of the respondents.
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    FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMERS’ CHOICE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS TYPE IN SENDAAFA TOWN
    (Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Regasa Chala
    All consumers' of dairy products has his/her own products type choice. Dairy product type reflect confident factor affecting beforehand buying products. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors affecting consumers ‘choice of dairy product type in Sendafa town. The predicted variables involved in this research are dairy product type price, quality safety, promotion, nutritional value and product type availability; whereas product type choice is the dependent variable. So the aim of this work was to test consumers’ consume perception for several dairy products type (Raw milk, Pasteurized milk, yoghurt, Cottage cheese and butter) to evaluate the factors affecting consumers’ choice for dairy product type in study area. Relevant literatures have been reviewed in considering the idea and to find major factors that affect consumer dairy product type. Open questionnaires were distributed to nominated sample respondents by means of structured questionnaire and talk administered by the student to 350 consumers' the Committee housing units using dairy products. The respondent be located sampled based on simple random sampling and consumer were sampled using Committee housing units as this research, single housing unit symbolized single person technique. For Data analyzing through SPSS, Descriptive and multiple regression used. The results show that consumers’ using buying of dairy products increasing significantly for Raw milk and butter strongly and moderately for cheese and yoghurt and very low for pasteurized milk. So, raw milk and butter were found to be the furthermost chosen product type among encouraged dairy product type in study area. Respondents gender, age, marital status, income level and occupation status are found to be the demographic variables affecting consumers dairy product type considerably. Independent variable found as most factor affecting consumers choice of dairy product type significantly is price. Recommendations founding on the results from the research, for dairy products processor so as to make well and knowledgeable decisions that can be used to factor affect the approach of consumers make product type choice judgment. Dairy products pricing system, standards and regulation have to be regulated. Therefore, it is recommended that the administration of town has to inspire investors both manufacturers and sellers in the dairy sector to satisfy the increasing needs of society.
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    Assessment of Dairy Value Chain and Dairy Production Systems in Southern and South Eastern Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia
    (Mekelle University, 2024-07-21) Haftu Kahsay Gebrehiwot
    The purpose of this study was to assess dairy value chain and dairy production systems in selected districts from Southern and South Eastern Zone of Tigray. Primary data was collected by interviewing a total of 110 dairy producers in purposively selected in Mehoni and Hintalo districts. The collected data was analyzed using application of appropriate statistical tools and simple descriptive statistics was used to present the results. Majority of the respondents stated that the family size was small sized with 2 to 5 members. About 68 of the respondents head man occupation in the study areas was dairy farming. In the study areas, most owners had 2-5, 5-7, and 7-9 dairy cows respectively. The available land was mainly used for crop and pasture production. Respondents stated that the main purpose of keeping animals was to be used as asset and the reason to start dairy farm was for household food. In the present study, majority of the respondents mentioned that support by government was the main encouragement to start dairy farming. Manual churning using clay pot was the main churning system in the study areas. As mentioned by majority of the respondents raw milk was the main dairy product produced in the area. The main feed resource in the study area was hay followed by crop residue. The main water source for dairy production was water rain catchment. Development agents were the primary source of dairy products marketing in the study areas. About 38 of the respondents stated that raw milk was the primary dairy product consumed in the study areas. Majority of the respondents (56) stated that livestock/dairy potential was the main opportunity for dairy production in the study areas. Lack of credit, poor genetic potential, animal disease and high feed cost as well as availability problem were the main constraints in the study areas. The present study suggested that establishing of dairy producers should get credit support, extension and veterinary services
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    ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF RAW COW MILK ALONG THE DAIRY VALUE CHAIN IN MEKELLE CITY, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
    (Mekelle University, 2024-06-28) Gidey Ambaye
    Milk is still a staple food worldwide, and its quality is critical for its taste, technological properties, and dietary importance. However, milk's complex biochemistry, high water activity, and nutritional content make it an ideal environment for microbial growth and reproduction. The study evaluated raw cow's milk quality based on bacteriological and physicochemical composition among dairy value chain operators in Mekelle City. The study was conducted from December 2023 to June 2024, with a purposive multi-stage sampling strategy and simple random sample procedures. One hundred twenty raw milk samples (Dairy farm, 80; Vendors, 20; Cafeteria, 20) were collected. Furthermore, raw milk constraints were assessed using a questionnaire survey from sampled raw milk participants. Conventional protocols and lactoscan milk analyzer were used to test collected milk samples in the Microbiology laboratory at Mekelle University College of Veterinary Science. Collected milk samples collected from dairy value chain actors were found with an average fat, protein, lactose, SNF, freezing, point, density, and ash, 4.58±0.94%, 3.08±0.27%, 4.58±0.47%, 8.44±0.685%, -0.5395±0.05C0, 1.029±0.0029%, 0.67±0.061%, respectively. The overall bacterial and coliform counts were 1.21x107±1.4x108 and 5.2x104±2.1x105 (median ± IQR), respectively. The primary factors recorded affecting the quality of raw cow milk include limited awareness, poor hygienic standards, a shortage of clean water, inadequate cooling facilities, a lack of quality control systems, and the absence of a payment system based on quality. The study indicated lower milk microbial quality at the cafeteria followed by the vendors, than dairy producers. Therefore, the result highlights the need for a consistent monitoring system under a regulatory body
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    HUMAN AND ANIMAL FAECES MANAGEMENT IN SELECTED KEBELLES OF KILTE AWLAELO HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY SITE (HDSS): KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF HOUSEHOLDS
    (Mekelle University, 2023-11-25) Syum Guesh
    A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kilte-Awlaelo Health and Demographic Survey Site from randomly selected 351 households. The study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of residents regarding faeces management. A structured questionnaire was prepared, translated from English into Tigrigna, and pretested. Animal manure is mainly collected by adult women (74.7%, 260) and female children (58.9%, 207). Usually, animal faeces are collected by Spade (89.7%, 315) and bare hand picking (40.5%, 142). The 321 (91.5%) respondents indicated that the cattle faeces are stored either as store in a heap (42.5%, 149) or underground in a deep hole/compost (49.3%, 173) or in a biogas digester pit (2%, 7). Collected faeces is used as fertilizer (304, 86.6%) or dung cake making (291, 82.9%). Open defecation was exercised by 75.21% (264) whereas 12.54% (44) had pit latrines without slabs. Mothers of the household disposed of their child stools in garbage 107 (71.33%). Feco-oral practice with animal faeces in children was reported by 94 households. Respondents wash their hands after toilet (350, 99.72%), after changing the baby’s sanitary materials (341, 97.15%), before handling food/eating (350, 99.72%), after handling animal manure (344, 98.01%), after touching animals (342, 97.44%), and after handling raw food 348 (99.15%). Of the respondents, 342 (99.44%) and 309 (88.03%) agreed both human and animal faeces contain germs that could make people sick respectively. Drying animal faeces to dry before touching them (303, 86.32%), and making compost (309, 88.03) can reduce the spread of germs to people. The sources of water for the household's overall consumption were standpipe (90.03%, 316), and piped water into dwelling/yard/plot 24 (6.84%). About 197 (56.13%) used streams/rivers as sources of drinking. In conclusion, these findings emphasize the importance of public education on livestock waste management, and improved WaSH interventions; and call up on the importance of considering the management of animal excreta in the ongoing global WaSH program of 2030
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    INVESTIGATING WAR AND SIEGE INFLICTED VETERINARY FACILITIES DAMAGE AND ITS ROLE ON ZOONOTIC DISEASE BURDEN IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF SOUTHERN AND SOUTHEASTERN ZONES OF TIGRAY
    (Mekelle University, 2024-02-25) Smon Mulubirhan
    A cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2023 to February, 2024 to assess the damage and post war functional status on veterinary facilities in selected districts of southern and southeastern zones of Tigray. During the study, 440 respondents who owned animals, six focus group discussions and twelve key informant interviews, as well as, on-site visits to twenty-two veterinary facilities were carried out during the research period. The results shed light on the circumstances, with unanimous recognition of the cessation of veterinary services during the conflict. Furthermore, heightened awareness of zoonotic diseases was noted, with 55.2% attributing their increased spread to veterinary facility destruction. Of the total veterinary facilities visited 81.8% were not functional. The remaining 9.1% and 9.1% were found to be partially and fully functional, respectively. Qualitative insights highlighted pervasive infrastructure damage, resource loss, and challenges in staff availability and expertise, impeding disease monitoring and management efforts. The targeting of veterinary facilities reflects global patterns observed in conflict zones, amplifying risks to both animal and human health. Urgent interventions are imperative to rebuild veterinary facilities, reinstate health education programs, and enhance disease surveillance. Community involvement in reconstruction efforts is crucial for context-specific interventions. Furthermore, strengthening zoonotic disease surveillance and education are essential for mitigating health risks in the conflict affected areas of southern and southeastern zones of Tigray.
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    SERO-PREVALENCE OF SMALL RUMINANT BRUCELLOSIS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN ENDERTA DISTRICT, SOUTHEASTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY
    (Mekelle University, 2023-10-25) SISAY FISEHA
    Small ruminant brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease that poses a threat to both animal and human health. This study was aimed to determine the sero-prevalence of small ruminant brucellosis and identify associated risk factors in Enderta district of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional research design was employed from May, 2021 till October, 2023, and blood samples were collected from small ruminants managed under an extensive production system. Purposive sampling technique was followed to select district and peasant associations, and simple random sampling technique was also followed to select animals and attendants. The Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and the Complement Fixation Test (CFT) were used as screening and confirmatory tests, respectively. A questionnaire survey was also conducted on100 animal owners’ to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding brucellosis. A total of 384 animals were sampled, and the overall sero-prevalence of brucellosis was determined. The RBPT and CFT results showed that 24 animals tested positive for brucellosis, resulting in an overall sero-prevalence rate of 6.3% ( 95% CI: 0.042-0.092). The sero-prevalence rates were further analyzed in relation to potential risk factors. The presence of abortion history and older age greater than 2years in the flock was significantly associated with sero-positivity (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of sero-positivity were higher in flocks with a history of abortion (OR=36, 95% CI: 13.30-97.39, p<0.001) and the odds of sero-positivity were also higher in animals with older age greater than 2years (OR=20.13, 95% CI: 2.68-150.62, P<0.003). The questionnaire survey revealed that 83 % of flock owners associated abortion with disease conditions. However, some flock owners were observed practicing activities that expose to brucellosis. About 5 % consume raw milk, 95 % do not bury aborted materials and 96 % assist their animals at delivery with bare hands. The low level and inadequate preventive practices among flock owners highlights the need for targeted awareness campaigns and improved disease management strategies. These findings can inform the development of effective control and prevention measures to reduce the burden of small ruminant brucellosis in the study area
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    BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS PREVALENCE, POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS AND ITS PUBLIC AWARENESS IN DAIRY AND HUMANS, IN AND AROUND SHIRE INDASILASE, TIGRAY, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
    (Mekelle University, 2024-02-25) Negasi Arefayne
    A cross-sectional study was carried out from December, 2018 to May, 2019 on 382 heads live cattle selected using systematic random sampling technique recruited in 109 households/farms to investigate prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) using comparative intra dermal tuberculin test (CIDT) and identifying the risk factors concomitant in cattle as well as to assess the public health awareness through questionnaires towards bovine tuberculosis in and around Shire Indasilase town, Northern Ethiopia. The overall prevalence of bovine tuberculosis animal and herd level in cattle was 39 (10.20%) and 29 (26.61%) with ≥ 4 mm at cut-off in skin thickness increase respectively. Relatively, the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis was had less likely in cattle found in Tahtay korero district (OR =10.020, 95% CI: 513-2.041) than shire Indasilase town. univarate logistic regression analysis identified associated risk factors of age, breed, body condition score, lactation and pregnancy as well as study site, herd size, farm system, management status, type of house, respiratory problem and Wild animal were statistically significant. BTB positivity was cross breed had more sensitive being BTB positivity twice (OR= 2.36, 95% CI: 1.138-4.890) than local breed. While pregnant cow had higher BTB prevalence (OR= 4.33, 95% CI: 1.461-12.857) than non-pregnant cow. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was statically significance associated with Breed, body condition, pregnancy, and lactation. The present study revealed that relatively low prevalence of a diseases in cattle and also poor awareness of the respondents on zoonotic implication of bovine tuberculosis. There should be segregation and practice of boiling of raw milk before consumption at home and awareness creation should be done for the whole society about bovine tuberculosis and its mode of transmission.
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    ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES OF THE COMMUNITY TOWARDS DOG-MEDIATED RABIES IN ENDERTA DISTRICT, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA: A MIXED METHODS APPROACH
    (Mekelle University, 2024-12-25) Mebrahtu Gebreselassie
    Rabies is a neglected viral zoonotic disease prevalent in the tropics that significantly impacts developing countries like Ethiopia, primarily transmitted by domestic dogs, causing severe health risks and death to both humans and animals. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices of the community towards dogmediated rabies in the Enderta district, Tigray, Ethiopia, from January 2024 to December 2024. Tabias were selected purposively, and a systematic random sampling technique was employed for the selection of sample units. Data were collected from 437 households through face-to-face interviews using a pretested and structured questionnaire. In addition to this, six focus group discussions (FGDs) and 12 key informant interviews (KIIs) were performed to collect qualitative data. The data were then analyzed using STATA statistical software version 13 for the quantitative data and thematic analysis for the qualitative data. Descriptive statistical techniques, Pearson’s chi-squares analysis, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the respondent had good knowledge (63.1%), good attitude (51.4%), and poor practice (43%). However, only 6.6% of respondents were aware of the causative agent of rabies disease. Although 88.3% of the respondents knew about vaccination as a means of rabies prevention, only 23.1% of the respondents practiced dog vaccination. Educated respondents were 8.91 times (AOR = 8.91; 95% CI: 1.070, 74.302) and 36.68 times (AOR = 36.68; 95% CI: 4.477, 300.485) more likely to have good knowledge and practices against rabies compared to respondents with non-formal education. Respondents who had dogs were 2.69 times (AOR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.703, 4.274) more likely to have a favorable attitude about rabies compared to respondents who had no dogs. Generally, these findings indicate that the Enderta district community has good knowledge and attitude and poor practice about rabies; however, there are gaps in the community’s knowledge and attitudes regarding rabies. Therefore, educational outreach should be conducted to ensure accurate knowledge and attitudes and improve practices about rabies in the study area
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    Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hydatidosis in Sheep and Goats Slaughtered at Maandeeq Abattoir, Hargeisa, Somaliland
    (Mekelle University, 2023-10-28) Yousuf Ahmed Farah
    Hydatidosis, caused by the parasitic cestode Echinococcus granulosus, poses a significant public health concern in many regions. This study aims to determine the prevalence of hydatid cysts in sheep and goats slaughtered at Maandeeq Abattoir in Hargeisa, Somaliland, as well as to identify associated risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one month with random selection of 400 slaughtered shoats (200 sheep and 200 goats). Post-mortem examinations were performed on visceral organs, including the liver, lung, kidney, heart, and spleen, following recommended procedures. Animals were categorized as either positive or negative for the presence of hydatid cysts based on a comprehensive assessment involving visual inspection, palpation, and systematic organ incision. Data from ante-mortem and post-mortem findings were recorded in MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 20). The Chi-Square (χ2) test was employed to assess the association between risk factors and the prevalence of Hydatidosis. A pvalue < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Out of 200 slaughtered sheep, 16 (8.0%) were infected with hydatid cysts. The prevalence among slaughtered goats was 3.5%, with 7 out of 200 goats infected. Overall, of the 400 animals examined (sheep and goats), 23 were infected, resulting in a prevalence of 5.8%. Age class showed a strong association (p < 0.0001), with 13 out of 335 adult animals (2-5 years) and 10 out of 45 old animals (> 5 years) infected. Sex also exhibited a moderate association (p = 0.01), with 8 out of 241 males and 15 out of 159 females infected. Although animal origin displayed a moderate association, it was not statistically significant (p = 0.074). In conclusion, this study determined the prevalence of hydatid cysts in sheep and goats slaughtered at Maandeeq Abattoir in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The results highlight the importance of considering age and sex as potential risk factors for Hydatidosis. Further interventions and control measures are necessary to reduce the prevalence and associated risks of this zoonotic disease