College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources

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Abundance and Habitat Use of White-billed Starling (Onychognathus albirostris) in Human Inhabited Landscape: in case of Endayesus Campus Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-18) Gebrekidan Teka
Ethiopia is known for its diverse and unique avifaunal resources. In modern sense the endemic and near endemic birds of Ethiopia can be used to provide early warning of environmental problems. This study was conducted from July 2023 to March 2024, covering both the wet and dry seasons. Limited research has been conducted on the abundance and habitat use of White-billed Starling. The objective of this study was to assess the abundance and habitat use of the White-billed Starling in the human-inhabited landscape of Endayesus Campus, Mekelle University Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. The study employed a line transect point count method to collect data on bird populations. The line transect point count method was specifically used for the bird survey. The study area was categorized into three habitat types: built areas, farmland, and forestland. Three, two, and one transects were established in each habitat type, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26 software for statistical analysis, Microsoft Office Excel for descriptive statistics, and generalized linear mixed models for advanced statistical modeling. The results indicate that the White-billed Starling exhibited the highest abundance during the dry season (1915 individuals) and the lowest abundance during the wet season (435 individuals) at Mekelle University Endayesus Main Campus. The highest abundance of White-billed Starlings was recorded in built-up areas during the wet (337) seasons. Conversely, the lowest abundance was observed in forest land (40) during the wet season and farmland (42) during the dry season. Human inhabited landscape appears to be a favorable habitat for White-billed Starlings and other bird species due to its abundant food resources and suitable nesting sites. The integration of White-billed Starlings into human-inhabited areas, such as urban landscapes, is crucial as these birds have been observed utilizing such environments for feeding, roosting, and breeding.
Abundance, Diversity and Distribution of Medium and Large-sized Mammal Species in Wurna Community Protected Forest, Tanqua Mlash, Tigray, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-18) Tesfay Hadush
Medium and large-sized mammals are found in most forest and savannah regions of Africa and it is utmost important to protect them for the role they play in the ecosystem and beauty of nature. The study was conducted from July 2023 to March 2024 on species composition, diversity and distribution of medium and large-sized mammals in Wurna Community Protected Forest, Tanqua Mlash Woreda. Data were collected through direct and indirect evidence using both primary and secondary sources. The forest was stratified in to four habitat types, in each habitat type a representative line transects was selected and counting was employed during the early morning and late afternoon. Finally, the collected data was analysed using Excel, SPSS and Past 4.03 software in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics. A total of 128 observations were compiled and nine medium and large-sized mammalian species were recorded in the forest. During the wet and dry seasons of the year, a total of 1,114 and 584 individuals were recorded respectively. The species diversity index and evenness of the area were H′ = 1.334 and J = 0.8288, respectively during the wet season. The strongest similarity in species composition, both across and within seasons, was found between woodland and riverine forest. There was a differences in species richness and abundance of the mammal species in the four habitat types between the dry and wet seasons (p < 0.05). The findings of the study revealed that Wurna Community Protected Forest supports a considerable number of medium and large-sized mammalian species, including the vulnerable P. pardus. Further investigation should be conducted on cause and effects of human mammal conflict in the study area. The federal and regional governments should legalize it as a wildlife refuge area to conserve mammalian species.
Assessment of Wild Edible Plants and Their Uses from Ex-closures of Kola Tembein and Degua Tembein Districts Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-28) Ametekiros Alemayoh
Wild edible plants are valuable resources for supplementing the staple food, ensuring food security, for income, ecological and socio-cultural values. Wild Edible plants are serving as crucial sources of supplementary food and essential nutrients, income/cash, traditional medicine, and various other uses for local communities in Ethiopia especially in Tigray region frequent drought and war happening so many times. If you consider the war and the siege happen in Tigray region for the past two years, it was very difficult to survive without the help of wild edible plants. The aim of this study was to assess the wild edible plants and their uses from ex-closures of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. To gather wild edible plant data direct observation, semi-structured interviews, group discussion were employed. For data collection respondents from three Keble (the smallest administrative unit) two districts were possessively selected for the data collection from the study area 210(172males and 38 females) respondents were selected purposely from 446 households specially ex-closure users by using simple random sampling, 18 participants were also included for the key informant interview and focused group discussion were carried out with 24 selected district, Keble extensions. The data was analyzed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, Statistical Package for Social Science such as (SPSS) software version 20. Preference ranking, direct matrix ranking, paired comparison. A total of 18 wild edible plants were identified. Wild edible plant species of the study area were diversified depending on their growth forms. Most of them are trees accounting for 13(72.22%) species followed by shrubs 5(27.78%). In addition to food values, these plants provide diverse benefits to the local community including income, medicine, soil and water conservation and bee forage. WEPs were mostly edible plant parts followed by fruits 88.90%, roots 5.55% and nectar's 5.55%. Regarding their mode of consumption, local communities consume WEP species as fresh raw, 77.8% as Fresh& dried 27.8% and roasted, 5.6% & mixed with milk 5.6%. These wild edible plants of the study area were under serious anthropological threats due to deforestation. Hence, need priority attention for conservation. Moreover, Comprehensive research and documentation are necessary to understand the production potential, nutritional composition, and overall contributions of WEPs to rural households in the study area.
Assessment of Wild Edible Plants and Their Uses from Ex-closures of Kola Tembein and Degua Tembein Districts Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-28) Ametekiros Alemayoh
Wild edible plants are valuable resources for supplementing the staple food, ensuring food security, for income, ecological and socio-cultural values. Wild Edible plants are serving as crucial sources of supplementary food and essential nutrients, income/cash, traditional medicine, and various other uses for local communities in Ethiopia especially in Tigray region frequent drought and war happening so many times. If you consider the war and the siege happen in Tigray region for the past two years, it was very difficult to survive without the help of wild edible plants. The aim of this study was to assess the wild edible plants and their uses from ex-closures of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. To gather wild edible plant data direct observation, semi-structured interviews, group discussion were employed. For data collection respondents from three Keble (the smallest administrative unit) two districts were possessively selected for the data collection from the study area 210(172males and 38 females) respondents were selected purposely from 446 households specially ex-closure users by using simple random sampling, 18 participants were also included for the key informant interview and focused group discussion were carried out with 24 selected district, Keble extensions. The data was analyzed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, Statistical Package for Social Science such as (SPSS) software version 20. Preference ranking, direct matrix ranking, paired comparison. A total of 18 wild edible plants were identified. Wild edible plant species of the study area were diversified depending on their growth forms. Most of them are trees accounting for 13(72.22%) species followed by shrubs 5(27.78%). In addition to food values, these plants provide diverse benefits to the local community including income, medicine, soil and water conservation and bee forage. WEPs were mostly edible plant parts followed by fruits 88.90%, roots 5.55% and nectar's 5.55%. Regarding their mode of consumption, local communities consume WEP species as fresh raw, 77.8% as Fresh& dried 27.8% and roasted, 5.6% & mixed with milk 5.6%. These wild edible plants of the study area were under serious anthropological threats due to deforestation. Hence, need priority attention for conservation. Moreover, Comprehensive research and documentation are necessary to understand the production potential, nutritional composition, and overall contributions of WEPs to rural households in the study area.
Changes in Arenosol Bio-Physicochemical Properties, Chickpea Nodulation, and Finger millet Grain Nutrition as Influenced by different Faidherbia albida tree stand ages
(Mekelle University, 2024-12-25) Solomon Amare Hiluf
Declining land productivity due to severe land degradation is a persistent issue in many farming systems in Tigray, Ethiopia. Soil nutrient depletion and physical property deterioration on smallholder farms are fundamental biophysical causes contributing to reduce per capita food production in Ethiopia. Consequently, farmers are trapped in a vicious cycle of ecological degradation and poverty. Addressing this challenge through nature-based solutions is imperative, with the harnessing of agroforestry plant species, such as Faidherbia albida hereafter F. albida, being among several ecological options. F. albida is a nitrogen-fixing tree species found in parkland and agro-ecosystems, renowned for its unique reversed leaf phenology (shedding foliage during the rainy season). This characteristic makes F. albida an ideal agroforestry species, distinct from other tree species that also enhance soil fertility. Several studies have highlighted F. albida's potential to improve soil fertility and productivity on marginal soils, although comprehensive studies are necessary for a thorough understanding. This study initiated to comprehensively understand the effects of varying stand ages of F. albida on selected soil bio-physicochemical properties, cereal crop growth and nutritional content, rhizobia population density, nodulation and growth of grain legumes in Arenosols. The research was conducted in Abraha-Atsbeha, a semi-arid village in Tigray, Ethiopia, where different stand ages of F. albida are prevalent but detailed knowledge on their impacts on soil attributes is lacking. Field and laboratory data were carefully collected and analyzed using advanced analytical techniques and statistical methods. Soil physicochemical properties were analysed using advanced instrumentation and analytical methods. Ultravialet visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) spectroscopy for soil and plant nitrogen forms, available phosphorus, and soil organic carbonviii whereas Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and flame photometer were used for determination of mineral concentrations in soil and plant samples (AAS for Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn and flame photometer for K and Na). Biological parameters such as total microbial biomass, fungi-to bacteria ratios, nematode trophic composition and abundance, and rhizobia population density were also quantified using established methodologies. Normality, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post Hock tests and comparisons were done using SPSS V 20 statistical software while canonical correspondence analysis (CANOCO) software was used to analysis and understand the relationships among all the soil physicochemical and biological variables.
Drought and Sustainable Intensification Technologies Adoption in Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) Abrhaley Gebrehiwot
The agricultural productivity of Ethiopia is highly influenced by rainfall variability. Understanding the relationship between drought and the adoption of multiple Sustainable Intensification Technologies (SITs) is important for informed decision-making. The SITs were well recognized for their important contribution in improving agricultural yield and improving resilience. To achieve the objectives, this study employs two waves of nationally representative data from the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS). The socioeconomic data was integrated with the historical monthly rainfall data from 1981 to 2022, obtained from the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS). Using this historical rainfall data, it was constructed various drought indices and presented with multiple model specifications. While the primary focus was to examine the effect of drought on SIT adoption, it was also estimated that models that control for additional covariates identified in the literature as determinants of SIT adoption, using the Multivariate Probit (MVP) model. The findings of the study indicated that exposure to drought during survey year’s decreases the adoption of high-risk SITs, such as inorganic fertilizer, while increasing the adoption of risk-reducing SITs, such as manure and irrigation. Moreover, most of the correlation coefficients among the SITs were positive, indicating that smallholder farmers tend to adopt multiple SITs simultaneously. These results had significant implications for the adoption of SITs particularly under extreme climate conditions like drought
Ecology of the Common Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) and its Conflict with the Local Community in Gibe Sheleko National Park
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-18) Yrgalem Tsegay
This study aimed to assess the population size, feeding ecology, activity patterns, human- hippopotamus (hippo) conflict, and knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the local community regarding the hippo in Gibe Sheleko National Park (GSNP). The research was conducted from June-August 2023 to JanuaryMarch 2024. Total ground counts, field observations, interviews, and questionnaires were used to collect data. The activity patterns were analyzed using scan sampling, while diet analysis involved identifying plant species based on feeding signs. A total of 22.67±7.47 individuals were recorded in the wet season, and 162.66±12.95 during the dry season, with a significant difference (F=131.407, P<0.05) in population size between the two seasons. In Boketa Seritii, Site Four had the highest average number of hippos, with 24±23.34 individuals, while Gibe Yabare, Site Six averaged 15.33±12.13 individuals. No significant differences in hippo populations were observed between the sites in the study area (F = 1.853, P > 0.05). The population comprised 92.5% adults and 7.5% young, with a sex ratio of 1:0.9 (male to female). Feeding and traveling activities peaked in the early morning and late afternoon, while resting peaked at midday. Hippos consumed 13 plant species from seven families, with Eriochloa fatmensis (17.1%), Typha latifolia (13.7%), Echinocloa pyramidalis (12.6%), and Cynodon dactylon (11.0%) being the most common. The main causes of human-hippo conflict were crop damage (60.4%), overgrazing (32.9%), and human injury and death (6.7%). While all respondents were aware the existence of hippo, only 36.18% supported conservation efforts, with 63.82% expressing no benefit from hippo conservation. Therefore, by fostering a better understanding of the ecological and economic importance of hippos, stakeholders can work towards sustainable management practices that benefit both the local community and the wildlife, ensuring the long- term preservation of this vital species in Gibe Sheleko National Park.
Effect of Intra row Spacing and varieties on Onion (Allium Cepa L.) bulb yield and yield components in Enderta District, Southeastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-28) Kflom Kahsay Berhe
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a crucial high-value crop cultivated worldwide, including in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Despite its economic importance, productivity of onion in Tigray, particularly in the study area, is very low. The use of poorly adapted or low-yielding varieties and improper plant spacing are among the most significant factors contributing to this low productivity. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the Gereb Geba irrigation scheme in Enderta District, Southeastern zone of Tigray, during the dry season of 2024 with the objective of identifying well-adapted improved varieties and optimal plant spacing to enhance onion productivity in the study area. Three varieties (Adama Red, Bombey Red, and Nasik Red) and four levels of intra-row spacing (5 cm, 7 cm, 9 cm, and 11 cm) were used as experimental materials. The treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data related to phenology, growth, yield, and yield components were collected and analyzed according to the standard procedures. The results indicate that the interaction effect of variety and intra-row spacing did not significantly affect the growth and yield parameters, except for the harvest index and unmarketable bulb yield. On the other hand, the main effect of variety significantly influenced the days to physiological maturity, plant height, marketable, and total yield of onions. Accordingly, Adama Red and Bombey Red are early-maturing varieties with significantly higher marketable yields (10.56 t ha⁻¹ and 10.57 t ha⁻¹) and total bulb yields (17.04 t ha⁻¹ and 14.9 t ha¹), respectively. Similarly, the main effect of intra-row spacing significantly influenced total bulb yield, marketable yield, and total biomass yield. In this regard, a narrow intra-row spacing of 5 cm showed significantly higher biomass yield (30.91 t ha⁻¹) and total bulb yield (17.72 t ha⁻¹) compared to the wider spacing. In conclusion, farmers in the study area are advised to adopt Adama red and Bombey Red varieties, along with narrower intra-row spacing (5-7 cm), for optimal yield production and productivity. Further research is also suggested in optimizing resource management and exploring the long-term effects of intra-row spacing on soil health.
Effect of intra-row spacing and NPS fertilizer rates on growth and bulb yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) in Saharti District, South Eastern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-17) Kidane Tesfay
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops cultivated under irrigated conditions in the southeastern zone and some parts of the other region; the Tigray. The cultivation of onions requires proper supply of plant nutrients and plant densities. Despite of several constraints linked with onion production and productivity Inappropriate application rates of NPS fertilizer and inappropriate plant densities are one of the major constraints for onion production and growth in the study area. Therefore, this study was initiated with the aim of to determine Effect of intra row spacing and NPS fertilizer rates on growth and bulb yield of onion in Saharti District, South Eastern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. The experiment was arranged in factorial combination of four level of intra row spacing (5, 7.5,10 and 12.5 cm) and four NPS fertilizer rates (0,150,200 and 250 kg ha -1) in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Growth and bulb yield components of onion data were collected and analyzed using GenStat software 18th edition. The analysis of variance showed that intra row spacing and NPS fertilizer had significant effect on days to physiological maturity, leaf length, leaf number per plant, bulb length and bulb diameter. The interaction effect of intra-row spacing and NPS fertilizer had significant effect on plant height, average bulb weight gram per plant, marketable bulb yield, unmarketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield. The highest marketable bulb yield 38.5 t ha-1 was obtained on the combined application of 200 kg ha -1 NPS fertilizer rate with 5 cm intra-row spacing. The highest net benefit (ETBirr 1,843,300) with the highest of Marginal rate of return (2942 %) was obtained on the combined application of 200 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer rate with 5 cm intra-row spacing. Accordingly, onion producers in Saharti District and similar agro-ecologies can adopt the combination of 5 cm intra-row spacing and 200 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer to achieve high marketable bulb yields, maximize net benefits, and obtain high marginal rates of return. However, as this study was conducted in a single location and season using the Bombay Red onion variety, further research is necessary to validate these findings across various seasons, locations, and with different improved onion varieties.
Effect of Intra-Row Spacing and Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Yield of components of Irrigated Onion in Northern Ethiopia By
(Mekelle University, 2024-12-25) Girmay Hailu Fikadu
A field experiment was conducted with the objective of investigating response of rates of organic(FYM) and inorganic (NPS) fertilizers and intra-row spacing on yield, yield components and nutrient uptake of Bombay red onion (Allium cepa L.) variety under irrigation condition at Felegdaero village, Mekelle in Tigray. The experiment was carried out in the offseason of 2024 at farmer’s field on Cambisols. The experiment was laid down in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement with three replications. The treatments applied were combinations of six levels of fertilizers (control (0), 50% FYM + 50% NPS, 25% FYM + 75% NPS, 75% FYM + 25% NPS, and 100% FYM + 0% NPS) and three levels of spacing (8 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm). Soil, agronomic and nutrient uptake data were collected and analyzed. The result of the study showed that bulb dry weight, marketable yield, total yield, biomass yield and harvest index of onion were significantly affected by the main effects and interactions of intrarow spacing and fertilizer applications and spacing levels. The maximum marketable and total biological yield of onion (27.500 t/ha) and (29.398t/ha) and 31806kg//ha were obtained from the main effect of 50% FYM + 50% NPS fertilizer at 10cm intra- row-spacing, while the minimum marketable and total yield of onion (18.796t/ha) and (23.981t/ha) were obtained from the control plot at spacing of 8cm. . The study also showed that the onion N, P and S uptake were significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by the main effect of FYM and NPS fertilizer rates and spacing. The optimum (170, 23.32 and 2001kg/ha) N, P, S uptake were recorded from plots that received 7.5t /ha-1 FYM and 123.3 kg/ha NPS fertilizer rates whereas, the lowest (118.3, 14.64 and 2284 kg/ha) N, P and S uptake were obtained from the unfertilized plots, respectively. Applications of FYM and NPS fertilizers at the rate of 7.5t /ha-1 FYM and 123.3 kg/ha at intra-row spacing of 10cm were economically feasible. Therefore, 7.5t /ha-1 FYM and 123.3 kg/ha NPS fertilizer rate at intrarow spacing at 10 cm should be recommended for Bombay red onion variety on Cambisols for Felegdaero village and other similar areas in Mekelle area.
Effect of lactation stage, parity and season on physico-chemical properties and microbial quality of goat milk under smallholder farmers in Abergelle district Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-08-28) Daniel Kahsu Meresa
Goat milk is the most nutritious milk but susceptible to microorganisms. Goat milk in Tanqua Abergelle of Tigrai has been used traditionally and its level of quality affected by several factors. However there is limited knowledge on the factors affecting its quality. The objective of this study was to assess the physico-chemical properties and microbial quality of goat milk at different lactation stages, parity and season. A total of 80 Abergelle dairy goats were selected to collect 240 milk samples for analysis of Milk Density, Milk Composition, level of mastitis Esertia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) in three early, mid and late lactation stages, two parities and rainy and dry seasons. The study was arranged in factorial and Duncan’s multiple- range test method were used for mean separation at P<0.05. The study indicated, milk density was higher (p<0.05) in late lactation than early and mid-lactation. Whereas fat content was not significantly affected however numerical lower in early-lactation than the mid and late lactation, on the other hand SNF was stable between mid and late lactation. The milk microbial content, SCC and E-coli increased with increasing parity. The highest microbial level , SCC and E-coli content was recorded for early lactation and late lactation. The results from this study shows that microbial quality and physico-chemical properties and were not affected by season. Season didn’t affect, Moreover, parity and stage of lactation didn’t affect physico-chemical properties and microbial quality. The current study showed that goat milk quality and hygiene is affected by stage of lactation but not by season and parity. These result indicated that goat milk microbial quality may help to precisely implement milk hygiene and handling intervention under smallholder goat producers.
EFFECT OF MOTHER BULB SIZE AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER RATES ON GROWTH, SEED YIELD, AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF ONION (Allium cepa L.) AT LAELAY MAYCHEW DISTRICT, CENTRAL ZONE OF TIGRAY, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) Nirayo Gidey Demoz
Inappropriate uses of bulb size and without or with very low rates of nitrogen fertilizer application are major factors constraining onion seed production in Tigray. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during 2023/2024 in Laelay Maychew Woreda Central Zone of Tigray to study the effect of mother bulb size (3-4 cm), medium (4.1-5 cm), and large (5.1-6 cm) and nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg ha-1) on growth, seed yield, and yield components of onion. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that all growth and yield components were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the main effect of bulb size and nitrogen and nitrogen only. The tallest plant heights (cm), flower stalk length (cm) and Maximum numbers of flowers talks per plant were obtained from the plant that received 69 N kgha-1 as well as those large bulb sizes (5.1-6 cm).However highest values of flower stalk diameter (mm), wider umbel diameters (mm) and number of seed per umbel (550) were found from the plant treated at the rate of 92 kg ha-1 of N and medium mother bulb size (4.1-5cm).The maximum seed weight per umbel (2.32g), thousand seed weight (3.86g) and seed yield per plant (17.20g) and seed yield per plot (1197.91g) were obtained from the combination of large (5.1-6 cm) mother bulb size with 69 kg of Nha-1.The shortest days to 50% flowering and maturity were found from the treatment combination of 69 kg ha-1 with 5.1-6 cm mother bulb size. The highest seed yield per hectare (1983.25 kg ha-1) was obtained from the treatment combination of 69 kg and 5.1-6 cm mother bulb size. As the partial budget analysis revealed that maximum net field benefits (4550120) Ethiopian Birr with Marginal rate of return (56.88) were obtained from a bulb of 5.1–6 cm size grown with an application of 69 kg N ha-1. Hence, for high yield and economically feasible seed yield of onion, the treatment combination of 5.1–6 cm bulb size and 69 kg ha-1 of N are recommended for the study area. To make a final recommendation, it is advised to conduct the experiment again in the study area, as it was conducted for only one season and one site
Effect of mulching types and varieties on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Raya Azebo, southern zone of Tigray
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-01) Tsirha Gidey
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most significant vegetable crops in the Solanaceae family and one of the most widely consumed fruit vegetables in the world valued for nutritional benefits and economic impacts. However, the cultivation of tomatoes faces various agronomic challenges including low soil fertility, water stress, soil erosion and weed competition, which can adversely affect plant growth and over all yield. The experiment was conducted under irrigation condition from March–July 2024 at Mekelle University, agricultural research and innovation centre Mekoni site, Southern Tigray to evaluate the best mulching types and to screen tomato varieties based on their growth, yield performance and resistance to diseases. It was done in a randomized complete block design with three tomato varieties (Roma VF, Gelilama and Melka shola), three mulching types (white plastic, black plastic, grass) and with as no mulch. Data on plant height, number of primary branches per plant, weed density, soil moisture, disease incidence and severity, fruit diameter, fruit number per plant, total yield per plant, average fruit weight, total yield, marketable yield, unmarketable yield, total soluble solid (TSS) and fruit texture were collected and analysed using GENSTAT, 15th edition. The Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare between treatment means using a significance level of α = 0.05. The findings showed that strong interactions between mulching types and tomato varieties, while both black and white plastic mulches improved yield and quality parameters. Black plastic mulch appeared the most effective in weed suppression, moisture retention,. In regards to the varieties, Gelilama appeared the most resilient and productive under various mulch conditions, while it may be more prone to disease, its potential for higher economic return due to greater yield fruit quality could make it a viable option for grower, whereas Melka Shola demonstrates high fruit numbers. Based on the current study, white plastic mulch with Gelilama variety is an effective strategy for enhancing tomato yield. However further research on the interaction of drip irrigation with mulching and both breeding and management practices can be conducted to explore its efficiency on tomato production and disease management practices.
Effect of Soil Physicochemical and Irrigation Scheduling on Yield and water productivity of Irrigated Maize (Zea Mays) at Haiba Irrigation Scheme, Tigray, North Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-01-28) Yemane Adane
In Tigray, traditional soil and water management practices have significantly undermined government efforts to achieve food security, particularly in areas with limited soil fertility and water resources. In such contexts, the application of soil fertility amendments and the adoption of appropriate irrigation techniques become critical priorities. This study aimed tevaluate the effects of soil physicochemical properties and irrigation scheduling on the yield and water productivity of irrigated maize (Zea mays) at the Haiba Irrigation Scheme, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural and soil and water management practices in the highlands of semi-arid Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for key physicochemical properties, including texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and essential nutrient levels. Concurrently, field trials were conducted to assess different irrigation schedules, notably conventional and regulated deficit irrigation strategies, during the critical growth stages of maize. The crop water requirements were estimated using CROPWAT 8 software, allowing for a comparative analysis of scientific (CropWat) and traditional farmers' irrigation scheduling methods based on yield, crop water productivity (CWP), irrigation water productivity (IWP), and economic water productivity (EWP) during the 2019 cropping season. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) across three sites with three replications, incorporating two treatments. Statistical analyses were performed using Minitab and SPSS software. Results indicated that yield and yield components, along with CWP and IWP metrics, were statistically higher in the CropWat scheduling treatments compared to traditional methods (p < 0.05). The total average water applied was 790 mm for the CropWat method and 886 mm for the traditional method, revealing that farmers applied 12% more water than recommended, leading to over-irrigation. The CropWat scheduling method resulted in a water savings of 96.4 mm, sufficient to irrigate an additional 0.2 hectares. Maize yields under CropWat scheduling reached 5.25 t/ha, significantly higher than the 2.32 t/ha achieved with traditional scheduling. The improved crop water productivity (CWP), irrigation water productivity (IWP), and economic water productivity (EWP) reinforce the recommendation for adopting CropWat-based irrigation scheduling at the Haiba Irrigation Scheme. For successful adoption, it is essential to improve farmers' irrigation water management skills through targeted training and technical support from experts.
Effect of Tigray War (2020-2022) on Soil and Water Conservation activities in Dogua Tenbien and Enderta districts, Northern Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-03-18) Abrhaley Redae
The Tigray War (2020–2022) severely disrupted soil and water conservation (SWC) practices in Tigray (Northern Ethiopia). This study assessed the war's impact on SWC structures activities in Dogua Tenbien and Enderta weredas. Primary data were collected from two contrasting sites in both enclosure and farmland through field observations, physical measurement and unstructured interview. The augmented inverse probability weighting (AIPW) model was employed to compare areas with high-intensity conflict to those less affected. Results show that there was a clear damage in the conflict-intensive areas. In this context, the structural bunds were, on average, 91.37 meters longer, 11.78 meters higher, and 10.28 meters wider in their destruction compared to less-affected regions (p < 0.01). An average of 4.53 more trees were also cut down per 100-m² plot in high-conflict zones (p < 0.05). Field observations highlighted that many SWC structures were dismantled for military purposes, such as trench construction, which directly contributed to erosion and environmental degradation. Furthermore, charcoal harvesting sites averaged 3.6 per location in high-intensity conflict areas, compared to 0.08 per location in lessaffected zones, reflecting increased reliance on forest resources due to disrupted energy supplies. The findings highlights that the war brought devastating ecological impacts in the study area. With this in mind, restoring damaged SWC structures, incentivizing sustainable practices, and launching reforestation and renewable energy initiatives are required to mitigate environmental damages and support agricultural resilience.
Effect of War on Livestock Production and Feed Resources Availability of Smallholder Farmers in Asgede and Tahtay koraro Woredas, Northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-15) Tsriti Gebremeskel Tareke
Livestock and crop production play vital roles at household and national levels in Ethiopia/Tigray. However, these sectors were damaged due to the war that happened in Tigray from 2020-2022. This study aimed to assess the effect of war on livestock production and feed resource availability of smallholder farmers in Asgede and Tahtay koraro woredas in northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia. To collect data a cross-sectional research type was used with a multi-stage sampling procedure involving 152 smallholder households from April 2024 to June 2024. Primary and secondary data sources were gathered through household interviews, focus group discussions and key informant interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 28 software. The study revealed the livestock population and crop yield were damaged significantly (p<0.001). Before the war, the average livestock holding per household was 18.46 Tropical Livestock Units (TLU) whereas, after the war it dropped to 3.23 TLU. Crop yield at household level also reduced from 22.93 quintals per year to 5.74 quintals after the war. Additionally, the total annual feed supply per household derived from crop residues and grazing lands dropped from 15,591 to 14,727 tonnes of dry matter. The war adversely affected livestock population, accessibility to feed and water sources, market access and extension services, made livestock more susceptible to diseases and led to a decline in overall productivity. It also caused inflation in livestock prices with cattle prices rising by 76.9%, sheep and goats by 78%, donkeys by 68%, camels by 50% and poultry by 50% as compared to prices before the war. This inflation led to decreased consumption of livestock products and reduced household incomes. Moreover, challenges such as insecurity, shortage of income, disease infestations and lack of extension services hindered the restoration of farming activities in the study areas. In conclusion, livestock production and feed resources declined after the war, resulting in starvation and various disease outbreaks among livestock and households. Therefore, immediate support from the government, development agencies, NGOs and other relevant authorities is essential for effective restocking and recovery of the livestock sector
Evaluation of commercial layer feed quality, husbandry practice and marketing systems of improved chicken breeds in the case of Mekelle and Samre.Tigry, Northern Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-25) Mulugeta Berihun Kelkay
This study evaluates the commercial layer feed quality, husbandry practices, and marketing systems of improved chicken breeds in urban and peri-urban production systems in Northern Ethiopia, focusing on Mekelle and Samre. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and March 2019, involving 100 chicken owners. The study used both primary data (collected through household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews) and secondary data. Additionally, composite feed samples were analyzed chemically to assess feed quality. The findings reveal that the majority of chicken producers rely on purchased feeds, with 57.5% of respondents feeding their chickens three times a day. However, the quality of these feeds was found to be substandard, with the analyzed feed samples showing crude protein levels of only 8.2 %, far below the recommended 18%. Despite the widespread use of supplementary feeds, feed scarcity was common, particularly during the dry season. Housing practices varied, with most producers using semi-intensive systems, but many did not follow recommended housing designs, impacting chicken health and productivity. Health management practices were inconsistent, with only 68.7% of respondents vaccinating their chickens, primarily against Newcastle disease. The study also identified major constraints to improved chicken production, including poor feed quality, inadequate veterinary services, and lack of extension support. On the other hand, the availability of market access and credit facilities were seen as opportunities for growth in the sector. The study concludes that while there are significant challenges in the management and marketing of improved chicken breeds in Northern Ethiopia, there are also opportunities to enhance productivity through better feed quality, improved health management, and the development of formal marketing systems. The study recommends stricter regulation of feed quality, enhanced training and extension services for farmers, and the establishment of formal marketing structures to support the poultry industry in the region.
Evaluation of Potato (Solanum tubersum L.) Varieties for Growth and Yield under Different Planting Dates in the Lowlands of Raya Azaebo, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.
(2025-03-13) Haftamu Habte Zeferu
Potato plays a crucial role in food security, poverty alleviation, and income generation in Tigray, particularly in the lowland areas of Raya-Azebo. However, its productivity remains low mainly due to the lack of suitable varieties and inappropriate planting dates. This study aimed to identify the optimal planting date and variety for improving potato yield and yield components in the lowland areas of Raya Azebo, Tigray. The experiment was conducted using three planting dates - October 17, November 2, and November 17- and three potato varieties (Belete, Gudane, and Jaleni), arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications . Data on phenological, yield and yield related parameters were collected and analyzed using GenStat version 18. The results showed that planting date had a significant effect (P<0.001) on days to emergence, flowering, maturity, number of tubers per plant, average tuber weight, tuber diameter, total tuber yield, marketable and unmarketable tuber yields. Variety also significantly affected numbers of tubers per plant, average tuber weight, marketable yield and total tuber yield. Moreover, the interaction between planting date and variety significantly influenced days to emergence, number of tubers per plant, average tuber weight, tuber diameter, total tuber yield, and marketable tuber yield. Potato varieties planted on October 17th matured early. The Belete variety, planted on 2nd November, produced the highest marketable tuber yield (290.4 q ha-1) while the Jalenne variety, planted on November 17, had the lowest yield (156 q ha-1). Marketable tuber yield was negatively correlated with phenological traits, but showed a strong positive association with growth parameters, and yield components. Generally, planting potatoes during the first three weeks of October resulted in the highest marketable and total tuber yields, with November 2nd being the optimal planting date. It is recommended that smallholder farmers and the private sector adopt this planting date for improved potato production in lowland areas of Raya Azebo
Farmers’ Perception on Pollination and the Influence of Honeybees and Other Insect pollinators on Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) Seed Yield and Quality in Mekelle and Degua Tembien, Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-15) Medhanye Araya Tadesse
Insect pollinators, particularly honeybees are important in enhancing seed yield and quality of crops. However, Farmers’ perception of pollination remains unstudied. This study was conducted to assess farmers’ perceptions on pollination service and to evaluate effect of honeybees and other insects on seed yield and quality of Nigella sativa. This study considered both field experiment and survey study. The survey was conducted in Degua-tembien, Tigray region, Ethiopia, with 179 households, FGDs and KIIs. Field experiment was conducted at Mekelle Agricultural Research Center, organized in randomized complete block design with three treatments including plots caged with honeybees, open pollinated and caged without insect pollinators; and each was replicated three times. The survey data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square with SPSS software; while the experimental data was analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA with R-software. The survey result showed 93.3% of respondents were unaware about pollination and none of them knew the contribution of honeybees and other insect pollinators in enhancing crop yield and quality. The experimental result indicated caged plots with honeybees had the highest seed yield (20.5 Qt./ha) followed by open pollination (19.58 Qt./ha) and caged without insect pollinators (13.75 Qt./ha). The germination percentage, 1000 seed weight, protein, oil and moisture content were also affected by the mode of pollination. However, ash and crude fiber content were not affected by the mode of pollination. So this result indicates, honeybees and other insect pollinators had a statistically significant effect on seed yield and quality of Nigella sativa, despite farmers’ lack of awareness. Honeybees were the most abundant insect pollinators in the open treatment, comprising 64.4%. As a result, farmers can gain 13,041,000 ETB/year net benefit of Nigella sativa via insect pollination. The study recommends training local farmers to improve awareness on chemical utilization and significance of pollination to enhance quality and yield performance of the crop; Farmers should be encouraged to utilize honeybee colonies for pollination to improve seed quality and yield of Nigella sativa. Further research is needed to determine the optimal number of honeybee colonies for specific areas and crops to maximize production and farmer income
Fertility control of Arvicanthis niloticus (Rüppel, 1842, Rodentia: Murinae) a major agricultural rodent pest: Implication for sustainable rodent pest management in Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-18) Daniel Desta
Rodent pests, including the African grass rat (Arvicanthis. niloticus), cause significant agricultural damage in Tigray. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Quinestrol (QE), Levonorgestrol (LV), and their combination (QL) on reproduction fertility of African grass rat A. niloticus. A total of 160 A. niloticus (80 males and 80 females) were used to evaluate bait acceptance and reproductive performance of A. niloticus at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 ppm. After ten days of acclimatization, the animals were fed the contraceptive baits for seven days for the females and fourteen days for the males before being paired and sacrificed for histological observation. The examination involved dissecting female animals over eight days and male animals over fifteen days, examined and weighted the reproductive organs of A. niloticus (ovaries, uterus, testes, seminal vesicles, and epididymis) to assess their reproductive health and fertility. Fertility control compounds significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced bait acceptance and body weight compared to control except LV at 10 ppm. Treatment and sex had significant interaction effects (p < 0.001) on bait acceptance and body weight. Treated females showing slightly higher bait consumption than males. Quinestrol (QE) and its combination (QL) significantly (p < 0.001) reduced reproductive organ in A. niloticus compared to untreated animals, while levonorgestrel (LV) had no such effect. Quinestrol also significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the weight of male reproductive organs and negatively impacted on sperm concentration and motility with increased sperm abnormalities, which contributed to its antifertility effect. There was significant difference (p < 0.001) in the weight of female reproductive organs (ovary, uterus) between treated and untreated rodents. Quinestrol and its combination (QL) treatment at higher concentrations were caused mild edema, increasing uterine and ovarian weight which indicates a physiological response to estrogen stimulation involving tissue explosion and fluid retention. Quinestrol at 50 ppm was evaluated for its impact on reproductive success and had significant effect on pregnancy rate and litter size when both male and female A. niloticus were treated. These results demonstrated that the reproduction rate of A. niloticus can be suppressed by Quinestrol which proved to have antifertility effect.