College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources Management

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Abundance and Habitat Use of White-billed Starling (Onychognathus albirostris) in Human Inhabited Landscape: in case of Endayesus Campus Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-18) Gebrekidan Teka
Ethiopia is known for its diverse and unique avifaunal resources. In modern sense the endemic and near endemic birds of Ethiopia can be used to provide early warning of environmental problems. This study was conducted from July 2023 to March 2024, covering both the wet and dry seasons. Limited research has been conducted on the abundance and habitat use of White-billed Starling. The objective of this study was to assess the abundance and habitat use of the White-billed Starling in the human-inhabited landscape of Endayesus Campus, Mekelle University Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. The study employed a line transect point count method to collect data on bird populations. The line transect point count method was specifically used for the bird survey. The study area was categorized into three habitat types: built areas, farmland, and forestland. Three, two, and one transects were established in each habitat type, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26 software for statistical analysis, Microsoft Office Excel for descriptive statistics, and generalized linear mixed models for advanced statistical modeling. The results indicate that the White-billed Starling exhibited the highest abundance during the dry season (1915 individuals) and the lowest abundance during the wet season (435 individuals) at Mekelle University Endayesus Main Campus. The highest abundance of White-billed Starlings was recorded in built-up areas during the wet (337) seasons. Conversely, the lowest abundance was observed in forest land (40) during the wet season and farmland (42) during the dry season. Human inhabited landscape appears to be a favorable habitat for White-billed Starlings and other bird species due to its abundant food resources and suitable nesting sites. The integration of White-billed Starlings into human-inhabited areas, such as urban landscapes, is crucial as these birds have been observed utilizing such environments for feeding, roosting, and breeding.
Abundance, Diversity and Distribution of Medium and Large-sized Mammal Species in Wurna Community Protected Forest, Tanqua Mlash, Tigray, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-18) Tesfay Hadush
Medium and large-sized mammals are found in most forest and savannah regions of Africa and it is utmost important to protect them for the role they play in the ecosystem and beauty of nature. The study was conducted from July 2023 to March 2024 on species composition, diversity and distribution of medium and large-sized mammals in Wurna Community Protected Forest, Tanqua Mlash Woreda. Data were collected through direct and indirect evidence using both primary and secondary sources. The forest was stratified in to four habitat types, in each habitat type a representative line transects was selected and counting was employed during the early morning and late afternoon. Finally, the collected data was analysed using Excel, SPSS and Past 4.03 software in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics. A total of 128 observations were compiled and nine medium and large-sized mammalian species were recorded in the forest. During the wet and dry seasons of the year, a total of 1,114 and 584 individuals were recorded respectively. The species diversity index and evenness of the area were H′ = 1.334 and J = 0.8288, respectively during the wet season. The strongest similarity in species composition, both across and within seasons, was found between woodland and riverine forest. There was a differences in species richness and abundance of the mammal species in the four habitat types between the dry and wet seasons (p < 0.05). The findings of the study revealed that Wurna Community Protected Forest supports a considerable number of medium and large-sized mammalian species, including the vulnerable P. pardus. Further investigation should be conducted on cause and effects of human mammal conflict in the study area. The federal and regional governments should legalize it as a wildlife refuge area to conserve mammalian species.
Analysis of Potato Value Chain and its impact on farming household’s economic welfare: The case of Tsaeda-Emba Woreda, Eastern Zone, Tigray Regional State
(Mekelle University, 2025-04-17) Yemane Kidane Reda
Various project-based initiatives including those led by the International Potato Center (CIP) have been implemented to upgrade the potato value chain in the region. However, despite these targeted interventions, the actual contribution of potato production to the welfare of smallholder producers remains inadequately understood. Therefore, further efforts were made to empirically examine how potato value chain impacts households’ income and consumption expenditure to improve our understanding of the welfare implications of the crop. The study aimed to identify actors and their roles, analyze benefit distributions of actors, assessing the impacts of potato value chain on households’ economic welfare. For this study 137 potato producers, 137 nonproducers were randomly selected, 5wholesalers, 3collectors, 9 retailers and 5 small scale processors were purposefully selected. Value chain mapping was used to identify actors, their roles and linkages. Endogenous switching regression model was employed to identify determinants of participation decision and to analyse welfare impacts through Average Treatment effect on the Treated (ATT) estimates in potato value chain business. The identified key actors in potato value chain were input suppliers, producers, wholesalers, collectors, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. Main supporting actors were office of agriculture and rural development, micro finance institutions, (union) cooperatives, trade and market development office, Mekelle Agricultural Research Centre, NGOs and banks that found in the woreda. The results of economic analysis revealed that 86% profit goes to small scale potato processors and 5.8% profit margin was captured by potato producers respectively. The rest actors (collectors, wholesalers and retailers) received profit margins of 2.4%, 1.5% and 4.3% respectively. The results of ESR model analysis showed that gender, farming experience, access to credit, irrigation cooperative’s membership, demonstration sits visit, listening to radio programs, and access to irrigation influenced participation decision significantly and positively. Age, family size, training frequency, food shortage experiences affected potato participation decision negatively. Economic welfare of potato producers’ is much higher than non-producers’ because their annual income, annual consumption expenditure, food consumption score and household diet diversity score is increased by 50.7%, 48.7%, 13.7% and 23.3% respectively.
Assessment of Wild Edible Plants and Their Uses from Ex-closures of Kola Tembein and Degua Tembein Districts Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-28) Ametekiros Alemayoh
Wild edible plants are valuable resources for supplementing the staple food, ensuring food security, for income, ecological and socio-cultural values. Wild Edible plants are serving as crucial sources of supplementary food and essential nutrients, income/cash, traditional medicine, and various other uses for local communities in Ethiopia especially in Tigray region frequent drought and war happening so many times. If you consider the war and the siege happen in Tigray region for the past two years, it was very difficult to survive without the help of wild edible plants. The aim of this study was to assess the wild edible plants and their uses from ex-closures of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. To gather wild edible plant data direct observation, semi-structured interviews, group discussion were employed. For data collection respondents from three Keble (the smallest administrative unit) two districts were possessively selected for the data collection from the study area 210(172males and 38 females) respondents were selected purposely from 446 households specially ex-closure users by using simple random sampling, 18 participants were also included for the key informant interview and focused group discussion were carried out with 24 selected district, Keble extensions. The data was analyzed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, Statistical Package for Social Science such as (SPSS) software version 20. Preference ranking, direct matrix ranking, paired comparison. A total of 18 wild edible plants were identified. Wild edible plant species of the study area were diversified depending on their growth forms. Most of them are trees accounting for 13(72.22%) species followed by shrubs 5(27.78%). In addition to food values, these plants provide diverse benefits to the local community including income, medicine, soil and water conservation and bee forage. WEPs were mostly edible plant parts followed by fruits 88.90%, roots 5.55% and nectar's 5.55%. Regarding their mode of consumption, local communities consume WEP species as fresh raw, 77.8% as Fresh& dried 27.8% and roasted, 5.6% & mixed with milk 5.6%. These wild edible plants of the study area were under serious anthropological threats due to deforestation. Hence, need priority attention for conservation. Moreover, Comprehensive research and documentation are necessary to understand the production potential, nutritional composition, and overall contributions of WEPs to rural households in the study area.
Assessment on Honeybee Flora and Effects of Feed Supplementation on honeybee colony performance in Endamekoni District, Southern Tigray, Ethiopi
(Mekelle University, 2025-04-28) Lemlem Meresa
Beekeeping is the management of honeybee colonies for pollination of crops, and honey and other products. It plays a great role directly by providing valuable output such as honey, beeswax, queen and bee colonies, and other products such as pollen, royal jelly, and indirectly by providing nutritional, economic and ecological security. But like other agricultural sectors bee keeping activity is also affected by drought, and during dry season honey bee face a shortage of feed which reduces the production of honey, as well as affects the overall performance of honeybees. To solve this problem, supplementation of honeybee during dry season is an effective way to reduce the effect of the dry season on honeybee colonies. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate different supplemental protein feeds on honeybee productive performance during dearth periods. It also assesses bee flora and floral calendar of the study area. A survey was carried out in three tabias of EndaMekoni district (Mekan, Embhasti and Hizba). Data were obtained from 102 beekeepers by using structured questionnaire on demographic characteristics and honeybee management practices. In this study a survey identified 42 honey bee forage plants and their flowering periods, including Beciame grandiflorum, Hypoestes forskaolii, Leucas abyssinica, Eucalyptus spp., and Trifolium spp., which were found to be major sources of nectar and pollen. Constraints such as poor nutrition, inadequate management, pests, chemical exposure, and lack of knowledge and equipment were identified as key challenges in beekeeping. The experimental study was conducted in Mekan tabia from mid-February up to mid-May for three months trial period. During this study, twelve honeybee colonies were grouped into four treatments and three replications. Treatment diets were T1 (Control) T2 (Bean flour), T3 (Chickpea flour), and T4 (Lentil flour). Completely randomized design (CRD) was used to assign the experimental groups. Sugar syrup was supplemented equally to all experimental colonies for maintenance and to stimulate the colonies during dearth periods. Performances indicators such as brood area, pollen store, colony strength, and honey yield were measured. The results showed that significantly higher number of bee covered frames/hive was recorded in chickpea flour group (p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.01), compared with the control, bean flour and the lentil flour groups, respectively. The mean consumption rate of chickpea flour (155.6±10.1g/colony/week) was notably higher (p<0.05; p<0.01) compared with the bean flour and lentil flour groups, respectively. The experimental colony received chickpea flour had significantly higher pollen area (p<0.05) compared with the lentil and control groups. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) among the treatments. Colonies fed chickpea showed superior performance with 9.25 fully covered honeybee frames, 1506.25±140.4 cm² of brood area, 326.6±90.1 cm² of pollen store, and 25 kg of honey, compared to lower values in control colonies. Honey production (kg) in the honeybee colony not supplemented protein diets (7kg) showed markedly lower (p<0.001, p<0.05), compared with the colonies supplemented with chickpea flour (25kg) and bean flour (15kg), respectively. In sum, supplementing honeybees with protein feeds during dry seasons significantly enhances colony performance and productivity. Raising awareness among beekeepers on nutritional management is recommended for sustainable and profitability of apiculture.
Changes in Arenosol Bio-Physicochemical Properties, Chickpea Nodulation, and Finger millet Grain Nutrition as Influenced by different Faidherbia albida tree stand ages
(Mekelle University, 2024-12-25) Solomon Amare Hiluf
Declining land productivity due to severe land degradation is a persistent issue in many farming systems in Tigray, Ethiopia. Soil nutrient depletion and physical property deterioration on smallholder farms are fundamental biophysical causes contributing to reduce per capita food production in Ethiopia. Consequently, farmers are trapped in a vicious cycle of ecological degradation and poverty. Addressing this challenge through nature-based solutions is imperative, with the harnessing of agroforestry plant species, such as Faidherbia albida hereafter F. albida, being among several ecological options. F. albida is a nitrogen-fixing tree species found in parkland and agro-ecosystems, renowned for its unique reversed leaf phenology (shedding foliage during the rainy season). This characteristic makes F. albida an ideal agroforestry species, distinct from other tree species that also enhance soil fertility. Several studies have highlighted F. albida's potential to improve soil fertility and productivity on marginal soils, although comprehensive studies are necessary for a thorough understanding. This study initiated to comprehensively understand the effects of varying stand ages of F. albida on selected soil bio-physicochemical properties, cereal crop growth and nutritional content, rhizobia population density, nodulation and growth of grain legumes in Arenosols. The research was conducted in Abraha-Atsbeha, a semi-arid village in Tigray, Ethiopia, where different stand ages of F. albida are prevalent but detailed knowledge on their impacts on soil attributes is lacking. Field and laboratory data were carefully collected and analyzed using advanced analytical techniques and statistical methods. Soil physicochemical properties were analysed using advanced instrumentation and analytical methods. Ultravialet visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) spectroscopy for soil and plant nitrogen forms, available phosphorus, and soil organic carbonviii whereas Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and flame photometer were used for determination of mineral concentrations in soil and plant samples (AAS for Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn and flame photometer for K and Na). Biological parameters such as total microbial biomass, fungi-to bacteria ratios, nematode trophic composition and abundance, and rhizobia population density were also quantified using established methodologies. Normality, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post Hock tests and comparisons were done using SPSS V 20 statistical software while canonical correspondence analysis (CANOCO) software was used to analysis and understand the relationships among all the soil physicochemical and biological variables.
Concentration of Heavy Metals and Microbial Quality in Cows’ Fresh Milk in Eastern and South Eastern Zones of Tigray Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-05-25) Asmeret Kidane Tekle
Cow milk is important foods of daily nutrient especially, for infants, vulnerable groups, and elderly people. But milk may contain various toxic pollutants and microbial contaminants which are dangerous for health. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the concentration of heavy metals and microbial quality of cows’ fresh milk in the eastern and southeastern zones of Tigray. Two districts were selected from each zone: Kilite Awulaelo and Tsirae Wenberta (eastern), and Degu’a Tembien and Enderta (southeastern), with one tabia sampled per district; Aynalem, Mahbere Weyni, Limat, and Mahbere Genet, respectively. A total of 120 local breed lactating cows (30 per tabia), reared for over five years, were sampled. Fresh milk (50 ml per cow) was collected in sterile plastic bottles and transported at on dry ice. Heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb) were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry following acid digestion, HNO3 and H2O2. Microbial quality, including Total Bacterial Count (TBC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), and Total Yeast & Mold Count (TYMC), was assessed using standard culturing methods. Data was analyzed using SPSS software and Microsoft excel. The result showed that, the highest concentration recorded were Fe (26.660±15.076 mg/l) and Cd (0.0442±0.025 mg/l) in Tabia Aynalem, Cr (0.0725±0.048 mg/l) in Mahbere Genet, and Cu (1.519±0.314 mg/l), Ni (0.0506±0.030 mg/l), and Pb (0.0807±0.053 mg/l) in Tabia Lim’at. All heavy metals except Fe showed statistically significant variation among sites (P ≤ 0.05). Fe was higher from all the selected elements in all study areas, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb exceeded from FAO/WHO permissible limits in most areas. Microbial results showed the highest means of TBC (6.23±0.88 Log10 CFU/ml) and TYMC (5.36±0.58 Log10 CFU/ml) in Mahbere Weyni, and TCC (5.22±0.89 Log10 CFU/ml) in Aynalem. However, there were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in microbial counts across study areas. Generally this study indicates most of the selected heavy metals were higher from standards and microbial quality: TBC mostly higher from acceptable standards but TCC was classified as ‘very good’ in all study areas. Further study on heavy metals and microbial quality in milk on these study areas is important.
Dairy Value Chain Analysis and its Challenges: The case of Raya-Alamata Woreda, Southern Zone, Tigray Regional State
(Mekelle University, 2025-04-17) Alefu Abreha
In Raya-Alamata, Tigray Ethiopia, dairy is recognized as a multifunctional livelihood activity. However, the sector is not well integrated with market systems and other value chain functions, leaving the associated challenges and opportunities unclear. This study aims to examine the dairy value chain and its challenges in Raya-Alamata. Data were collected from 155 respondents, including producers, retailers, and consumers, using a household survey. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a probit model. The results indicate that the dairy value chain faces several constraints, such as inadequate feed, which reduces milk production, and animal diseases that lower yields and negatively impact herd health. Limited access to credit and financial resources restricts farmers from investing in the sector, while inadequate veterinary services hinder effective disease management. Additionally, the absence of organized marketing channels and processing centers limits farmers' selling options and bargaining power, and low milk prices discourage expansion. The cost-benefit analysis of milk production reveals that producers incur an average cost of 32 birr per liter, selling it at 98.7 birr, resulting in a profit of 66.7 birr per liter. Retailers sell milk at 120 birr, earning 15.3 birr per liter after incurring monthly marketing costs of 429,272.2 birr. Producers add significant value at 67.5%, while retailers contribute 12.5%. This analysis underscores the profitability of milk production and the importance of understanding cost dynamics within the dairy value chain. Moreover, the probit model identifies several key factors influencing milk market supply. The age of the household head positively affects milk supply, as older producers tend to have more experience and better networks. Conversely, larger land sizes may decrease milk supply, likely because farmers diversify into other crops and livestock instead of focusing solely on milk production. Additionally, as consumer demand increases, producers are likely to boost their milk supply in response. Finally, improved access to market information enables producers to make informed decisions, leading to increased milk supply as they respond effectively to market trends.
Determinants of Cooperative Marketing Development in Tigray, Ethiopia: The Case of Consumer Cooperative Societies in Mekelle.
(Mekelle University, 2025-04-17) Yemane Gebremeskel Gebrehiwet
The overarching objective of this study was to investigate determinant factors affecting consumer cooperative marketing development: The case of consumer cooperatives in Mekelle of Tigray. In response to the objective, a descriptive research design was employed by using mixed research, which comprises both quantitative and qualitative methods. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. Data were gathered through questionnaires and key informant interviews. Purposive sampling was used to select the study area Mekelle due to the potentiality of the consumer cooperatives. To collect representative and reliable data, 334 respondents were selected from the target population using a random sampling technique. The data gathered through the Likert scale questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS software version 27. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression model analysis were also used to magnify and verify the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The study found that consumer cooperatives lose the user-control principle due to a lack of rigorous auditing and financial reporting, which fosters distrust between members and the board of directors. However, members have equal voting power, vote democratically, exercise their rights at general assembly meetings, and support the user control principle. The study also found that the cooperative's service delivery and supply of goods were insufficient, members practically do not user benefit of the cooperatives and members' sense of ownership and user benefits of the cooperative have been weakened. The study admitted that the cooperative and its members lack market information. Similarly, cooperatives' market interactions with unions and other organizations were found to be poor and insufficient. The cooperatives lack a strategic and business plan development, leading cooperatives to uncertainty about where to go and what to do in both long and short-term programs. The youth's participation in cooperative membership and marketing activities was also found to be limited, and thus, the cooperative's long-term survival would be restricted and affect its market development. Gender diversity was found to strengthen the board's monitoring role by providing diverse viewpoints on the cooperative; however, board gender diversity in the cooperative has weakened, and there is no clear legislative framework to promote women on the board of directors. Despite the board directors' education qualifications having a positive effect on cooperative market development, they lack the necessary skills and experience to lead and manage the cooperatives, and the board's academic qualifications were not considered during general assembly elections, implying weak governance in the cooperative. Sadly, cooperatives are now led without policies and strategies, which would undoubtedly hinder cooperative market development. The study ascertained that there was a statistically significant and positive relationship (effect) between the marketing and governance predictors with market development. This revealed that the marketing variables such as market linkage, member participation, economic motivation, and member cooperative knowledge, and the governance variables board commitment, board communication, board gender diversity, board qualification, and government intervention were found to be a strong correlation and statically significant positive effect on the dependent variable (market development of consumer cooperatives). Implying that effective use of these predictors influences and enhances the market development of consumer cooperatives in the study area. The most difficult challenges found in cooperatives are the lack of strategic collaboration among cooperatives, a serious lack of knowledge of cooperative marketing, and a lack of procedures and guidelines for marketing. The study recommends that cooperatives should consult trained professionals or hire experts to develop strategic business plans, the government must develop cooperative policies and strategies to build cooperatives, during general assembly elections, coops should consider the board's academic qualifications, develop a legislative framework to promote women on the board of directors, coops should work solidly to ward youth participation in membership and marketing activities, build solid relationships with unions and other organizations that can broaden their market transactions.
Drought and Sustainable Intensification Technologies Adoption in Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) Abrhaley Gebrehiwot
The agricultural productivity of Ethiopia is highly influenced by rainfall variability. Understanding the relationship between drought and the adoption of multiple Sustainable Intensification Technologies (SITs) is important for informed decision-making. The SITs were well recognized for their important contribution in improving agricultural yield and improving resilience. To achieve the objectives, this study employs two waves of nationally representative data from the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS). The socioeconomic data was integrated with the historical monthly rainfall data from 1981 to 2022, obtained from the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS). Using this historical rainfall data, it was constructed various drought indices and presented with multiple model specifications. While the primary focus was to examine the effect of drought on SIT adoption, it was also estimated that models that control for additional covariates identified in the literature as determinants of SIT adoption, using the Multivariate Probit (MVP) model. The findings of the study indicated that exposure to drought during survey year’s decreases the adoption of high-risk SITs, such as inorganic fertilizer, while increasing the adoption of risk-reducing SITs, such as manure and irrigation. Moreover, most of the correlation coefficients among the SITs were positive, indicating that smallholder farmers tend to adopt multiple SITs simultaneously. These results had significant implications for the adoption of SITs particularly under extreme climate conditions like drought
Ecology of the Common Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) and its Conflict with the Local Community in Gibe Sheleko National Park
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-18) Yrgalem Tsegay
This study aimed to assess the population size, feeding ecology, activity patterns, human- hippopotamus (hippo) conflict, and knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the local community regarding the hippo in Gibe Sheleko National Park (GSNP). The research was conducted from June-August 2023 to JanuaryMarch 2024. Total ground counts, field observations, interviews, and questionnaires were used to collect data. The activity patterns were analyzed using scan sampling, while diet analysis involved identifying plant species based on feeding signs. A total of 22.67±7.47 individuals were recorded in the wet season, and 162.66±12.95 during the dry season, with a significant difference (F=131.407, P<0.05) in population size between the two seasons. In Boketa Seritii, Site Four had the highest average number of hippos, with 24±23.34 individuals, while Gibe Yabare, Site Six averaged 15.33±12.13 individuals. No significant differences in hippo populations were observed between the sites in the study area (F = 1.853, P > 0.05). The population comprised 92.5% adults and 7.5% young, with a sex ratio of 1:0.9 (male to female). Feeding and traveling activities peaked in the early morning and late afternoon, while resting peaked at midday. Hippos consumed 13 plant species from seven families, with Eriochloa fatmensis (17.1%), Typha latifolia (13.7%), Echinocloa pyramidalis (12.6%), and Cynodon dactylon (11.0%) being the most common. The main causes of human-hippo conflict were crop damage (60.4%), overgrazing (32.9%), and human injury and death (6.7%). While all respondents were aware the existence of hippo, only 36.18% supported conservation efforts, with 63.82% expressing no benefit from hippo conservation. Therefore, by fostering a better understanding of the ecological and economic importance of hippos, stakeholders can work towards sustainable management practices that benefit both the local community and the wildlife, ensuring the long- term preservation of this vital species in Gibe Sheleko National Park.
Effect of Blended (NPSB) Fertilizer Rates on Growth Performance, Yield and Yield Components of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M.) Varieties in Enderta District, Northern Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-13) Birhane Kebede Weldegebriel
The effects of blended fertilizer rates (NPSB) on growth, production, and yield components of tomato varieties (lycopersicon esculentum M.) were studied using irrigation facilities at Elshadai Relief and Developmental Association (ERDA agricultural farm, Mekelle). 4x3 factorial experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design (RCBD. The treatments included four rates of blended (NPSB) fertilizer (0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, and 150 kg ha-1) and three tomato varieties (Melka shola, Roma VF, and Gelelma). Data were collected on tomato growth, yield, and yield components. Results indicated that the impacts of blended fertilizers (NPSB) on tomato varieties were significant with p-value of 0.05 in terms of plant height, leaf number per plant, marketable fruit number per plant, and number of total fruit yield per plant, and total fruit yield per hectare. The blended fertilizer rates (NPSB) and tomato varieties had important interaction effects on the Number of fruit cluster per plant, number of leaves per plant and total fruit yield per hectare. Results indicated a positive association between tomato varieties growth, yield, and yield components. Among the different rates of blended fertilizer rates, significantly shorter days to 50% flowering dates (47 days) and maturity date (105), taller plant height (92cm), higher leaf number per plant (93.79), the highest number of total fruit number per plant (43.61), higher marketable fruit number per plant (40.51), and total fruit yield (28.23 t ha-1) were gained from the application of 150 kg ha-1 and 100 kg ha-1. Among the varieties, Gelelma produced the highest overall fruit number per plant (40.62) and marketable fruit yield (24.50 t ha- 1) over Melka shola and Roma VF. In the study area, Gelelma tomato variety treated with 150 kg ha-1 of blended (NPSB) fertilizer produced the highest total yields (32.20 t ha-1) under 150 kg ha- 1 of blended (NPSB) fertilizer. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct further research in tomato varieties in many locations and seasons with different (NPSB) blended fertilizer rates.
Effect of Integrating Maize Varieties and Insecticides against Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Central Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-11) Fisseha Amaha Gebreslasea
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is the most devastating insect causing economic losses of maize production and productivity particularly in tropical and subtropical. A field experiment was conducted in 2024 under irrigated conditions to determine the integrated effect of insecticides with maize varieties against naturally occurring fall armyworm infestations. A randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications was used. The first factor included two improved maize varieties (Melkassa-2 and Melkassa-4), and one local variety (Berihu) while the second factor comprised four synthetic insecticides (Chlorfenapyr + Spinosad, Chlorfenapyr, Acetamiprid + Abamectin, Imidacloprid) and one control (water spraying) spraying three times. Data collected includes fall armyworm (FAW) larvae and egg masses count, plant damage, yield, and yield-related attributes analyzed with the Genstat software version 18. The result revealed that all the treatments significantly (p < 0.05) affected the FAW population, plant damage, and grain yield compared to the control. The highest larvae mortality (94.74%), lowest leaf incidence (4%), lowest leaf severity (0.993), lowest ear damage(1.667), highest ear length (23.23 cm), highest grain yield (5166 kg ha-1), highest avoidable yield loss (42.35%), and highest Marginal return rate (39071.6%) were obtained from Melkassa -2 treated with Spinosad +Chlorfenapyr, while the untreated Berihu variety showed the lowest larvae mortality (-44.55%), lowest egg masses (1.778), highest leaf incidence (98%), highest leaf severity (8.067), highest ear damage (8.133), shortest ear length (8.9cm) and lowest grain yield (1935 kg ha-1). Furthermore, Melkassa-2 showed the lowest leaf incidence, leaf, tassel, and ear severity, highest larval mortality, highest grain yield, and highest yield loss in comparison to the tested varieties. The minimum days required for tasselling (61.5), silking (65), maturity (99.2), highest plant height (186.4), and egg masses (3.889) were recorded from Spinosad +chlofenapyr insecticide. In conclusion, the highest FAW larvae mortality rate, lowest plant damage, uppermost MRR, lowest yield loss, and grain yield were found when the Melkassa-2 variety was treated with Spinosad+ Chlorfenapyr followed by Chlorfenapyr alone. Thus, it can be recommended that farmers use the integration of the tolerant maize (Melkassa-2) variety with selective insecticides (Spinosad+chlorfenapyr) to reduce the fall armyworm damage thereby enhancing maize productivity.
Effect of Intra row Spacing and varieties on Onion (Allium Cepa L.) bulb yield and yield components in Enderta District, Southeastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-28) Kflom Kahsay Berhe
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a crucial high-value crop cultivated worldwide, including in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Despite its economic importance, productivity of onion in Tigray, particularly in the study area, is very low. The use of poorly adapted or low-yielding varieties and improper plant spacing are among the most significant factors contributing to this low productivity. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the Gereb Geba irrigation scheme in Enderta District, Southeastern zone of Tigray, during the dry season of 2024 with the objective of identifying well-adapted improved varieties and optimal plant spacing to enhance onion productivity in the study area. Three varieties (Adama Red, Bombey Red, and Nasik Red) and four levels of intra-row spacing (5 cm, 7 cm, 9 cm, and 11 cm) were used as experimental materials. The treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data related to phenology, growth, yield, and yield components were collected and analyzed according to the standard procedures. The results indicate that the interaction effect of variety and intra-row spacing did not significantly affect the growth and yield parameters, except for the harvest index and unmarketable bulb yield. On the other hand, the main effect of variety significantly influenced the days to physiological maturity, plant height, marketable, and total yield of onions. Accordingly, Adama Red and Bombey Red are early-maturing varieties with significantly higher marketable yields (10.56 t ha⁻¹ and 10.57 t ha⁻¹) and total bulb yields (17.04 t ha⁻¹ and 14.9 t ha¹), respectively. Similarly, the main effect of intra-row spacing significantly influenced total bulb yield, marketable yield, and total biomass yield. In this regard, a narrow intra-row spacing of 5 cm showed significantly higher biomass yield (30.91 t ha⁻¹) and total bulb yield (17.72 t ha⁻¹) compared to the wider spacing. In conclusion, farmers in the study area are advised to adopt Adama red and Bombey Red varieties, along with narrower intra-row spacing (5-7 cm), for optimal yield production and productivity. Further research is also suggested in optimizing resource management and exploring the long-term effects of intra-row spacing on soil health.
Effect of intra-row spacing and NPS fertilizer rates on growth and bulb yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) in Saharti District, South Eastern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-17) Kidane Tesfay
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops cultivated under irrigated conditions in the southeastern zone and some parts of the other region; the Tigray. The cultivation of onions requires proper supply of plant nutrients and plant densities. Despite of several constraints linked with onion production and productivity Inappropriate application rates of NPS fertilizer and inappropriate plant densities are one of the major constraints for onion production and growth in the study area. Therefore, this study was initiated with the aim of to determine Effect of intra row spacing and NPS fertilizer rates on growth and bulb yield of onion in Saharti District, South Eastern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. The experiment was arranged in factorial combination of four level of intra row spacing (5, 7.5,10 and 12.5 cm) and four NPS fertilizer rates (0,150,200 and 250 kg ha -1) in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Growth and bulb yield components of onion data were collected and analyzed using GenStat software 18th edition. The analysis of variance showed that intra row spacing and NPS fertilizer had significant effect on days to physiological maturity, leaf length, leaf number per plant, bulb length and bulb diameter. The interaction effect of intra-row spacing and NPS fertilizer had significant effect on plant height, average bulb weight gram per plant, marketable bulb yield, unmarketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield. The highest marketable bulb yield 38.5 t ha-1 was obtained on the combined application of 200 kg ha -1 NPS fertilizer rate with 5 cm intra-row spacing. The highest net benefit (ETBirr 1,843,300) with the highest of Marginal rate of return (2942 %) was obtained on the combined application of 200 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer rate with 5 cm intra-row spacing. Accordingly, onion producers in Saharti District and similar agro-ecologies can adopt the combination of 5 cm intra-row spacing and 200 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer to achieve high marketable bulb yields, maximize net benefits, and obtain high marginal rates of return. However, as this study was conducted in a single location and season using the Bombay Red onion variety, further research is necessary to validate these findings across various seasons, locations, and with different improved onion varieties.
Effect of Intra-Row Spacing and Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Yield of components of Irrigated Onion in Northern Ethiopia By
(Mekelle University, 2024-12-25) Girmay Hailu Fikadu
A field experiment was conducted with the objective of investigating response of rates of organic(FYM) and inorganic (NPS) fertilizers and intra-row spacing on yield, yield components and nutrient uptake of Bombay red onion (Allium cepa L.) variety under irrigation condition at Felegdaero village, Mekelle in Tigray. The experiment was carried out in the offseason of 2024 at farmer’s field on Cambisols. The experiment was laid down in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement with three replications. The treatments applied were combinations of six levels of fertilizers (control (0), 50% FYM + 50% NPS, 25% FYM + 75% NPS, 75% FYM + 25% NPS, and 100% FYM + 0% NPS) and three levels of spacing (8 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm). Soil, agronomic and nutrient uptake data were collected and analyzed. The result of the study showed that bulb dry weight, marketable yield, total yield, biomass yield and harvest index of onion were significantly affected by the main effects and interactions of intrarow spacing and fertilizer applications and spacing levels. The maximum marketable and total biological yield of onion (27.500 t/ha) and (29.398t/ha) and 31806kg//ha were obtained from the main effect of 50% FYM + 50% NPS fertilizer at 10cm intra- row-spacing, while the minimum marketable and total yield of onion (18.796t/ha) and (23.981t/ha) were obtained from the control plot at spacing of 8cm. . The study also showed that the onion N, P and S uptake were significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by the main effect of FYM and NPS fertilizer rates and spacing. The optimum (170, 23.32 and 2001kg/ha) N, P, S uptake were recorded from plots that received 7.5t /ha-1 FYM and 123.3 kg/ha NPS fertilizer rates whereas, the lowest (118.3, 14.64 and 2284 kg/ha) N, P and S uptake were obtained from the unfertilized plots, respectively. Applications of FYM and NPS fertilizers at the rate of 7.5t /ha-1 FYM and 123.3 kg/ha at intra-row spacing of 10cm were economically feasible. Therefore, 7.5t /ha-1 FYM and 123.3 kg/ha NPS fertilizer rate at intrarow spacing at 10 cm should be recommended for Bombay red onion variety on Cambisols for Felegdaero village and other similar areas in Mekelle area.
Effect of lactation stage, parity and season on physico-chemical properties and microbial quality of goat milk under smallholder farmers in Abergelle district Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-08-28) Daniel Kahsu Meresa
Goat milk is the most nutritious milk but susceptible to microorganisms. Goat milk in Tanqua Abergelle of Tigrai has been used traditionally and its level of quality affected by several factors. However there is limited knowledge on the factors affecting its quality. The objective of this study was to assess the physico-chemical properties and microbial quality of goat milk at different lactation stages, parity and season. A total of 80 Abergelle dairy goats were selected to collect 240 milk samples for analysis of Milk Density, Milk Composition, level of mastitis Esertia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) in three early, mid and late lactation stages, two parities and rainy and dry seasons. The study was arranged in factorial and Duncan’s multiple- range test method were used for mean separation at P<0.05. The study indicated, milk density was higher (p<0.05) in late lactation than early and mid-lactation. Whereas fat content was not significantly affected however numerical lower in early-lactation than the mid and late lactation, on the other hand SNF was stable between mid and late lactation. The milk microbial content, SCC and E-coli increased with increasing parity. The highest microbial level , SCC and E-coli content was recorded for early lactation and late lactation. The results from this study shows that microbial quality and physico-chemical properties and were not affected by season. Season didn’t affect, Moreover, parity and stage of lactation didn’t affect physico-chemical properties and microbial quality. The current study showed that goat milk quality and hygiene is affected by stage of lactation but not by season and parity. These result indicated that goat milk microbial quality may help to precisely implement milk hygiene and handling intervention under smallholder goat producers.
EFFECT OF MOTHER BULB SIZE AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER RATES ON GROWTH, SEED YIELD, AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF ONION (Allium cepa L.) AT LAELAY MAYCHEW DISTRICT, CENTRAL ZONE OF TIGRAY, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) Nirayo Gidey Demoz
Inappropriate uses of bulb size and without or with very low rates of nitrogen fertilizer application are major factors constraining onion seed production in Tigray. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during 2023/2024 in Laelay Maychew Woreda Central Zone of Tigray to study the effect of mother bulb size (3-4 cm), medium (4.1-5 cm), and large (5.1-6 cm) and nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg ha-1) on growth, seed yield, and yield components of onion. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that all growth and yield components were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the main effect of bulb size and nitrogen and nitrogen only. The tallest plant heights (cm), flower stalk length (cm) and Maximum numbers of flowers talks per plant were obtained from the plant that received 69 N kgha-1 as well as those large bulb sizes (5.1-6 cm).However highest values of flower stalk diameter (mm), wider umbel diameters (mm) and number of seed per umbel (550) were found from the plant treated at the rate of 92 kg ha-1 of N and medium mother bulb size (4.1-5cm).The maximum seed weight per umbel (2.32g), thousand seed weight (3.86g) and seed yield per plant (17.20g) and seed yield per plot (1197.91g) were obtained from the combination of large (5.1-6 cm) mother bulb size with 69 kg of Nha-1.The shortest days to 50% flowering and maturity were found from the treatment combination of 69 kg ha-1 with 5.1-6 cm mother bulb size. The highest seed yield per hectare (1983.25 kg ha-1) was obtained from the treatment combination of 69 kg and 5.1-6 cm mother bulb size. As the partial budget analysis revealed that maximum net field benefits (4550120) Ethiopian Birr with Marginal rate of return (56.88) were obtained from a bulb of 5.1–6 cm size grown with an application of 69 kg N ha-1. Hence, for high yield and economically feasible seed yield of onion, the treatment combination of 5.1–6 cm bulb size and 69 kg ha-1 of N are recommended for the study area. To make a final recommendation, it is advised to conduct the experiment again in the study area, as it was conducted for only one season and one site
Effect of mulching types and varieties on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Raya Azebo, southern zone of Tigray
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-01) Tsirha Gidey
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most significant vegetable crops in the Solanaceae family and one of the most widely consumed fruit vegetables in the world valued for nutritional benefits and economic impacts. However, the cultivation of tomatoes faces various agronomic challenges including low soil fertility, water stress, soil erosion and weed competition, which can adversely affect plant growth and over all yield. The experiment was conducted under irrigation condition from March–July 2024 at Mekelle University, agricultural research and innovation centre Mekoni site, Southern Tigray to evaluate the best mulching types and to screen tomato varieties based on their growth, yield performance and resistance to diseases. It was done in a randomized complete block design with three tomato varieties (Roma VF, Gelilama and Melka shola), three mulching types (white plastic, black plastic, grass) and with as no mulch. Data on plant height, number of primary branches per plant, weed density, soil moisture, disease incidence and severity, fruit diameter, fruit number per plant, total yield per plant, average fruit weight, total yield, marketable yield, unmarketable yield, total soluble solid (TSS) and fruit texture were collected and analysed using GENSTAT, 15th edition. The Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare between treatment means using a significance level of α = 0.05. The findings showed that strong interactions between mulching types and tomato varieties, while both black and white plastic mulches improved yield and quality parameters. Black plastic mulch appeared the most effective in weed suppression, moisture retention,. In regards to the varieties, Gelilama appeared the most resilient and productive under various mulch conditions, while it may be more prone to disease, its potential for higher economic return due to greater yield fruit quality could make it a viable option for grower, whereas Melka Shola demonstrates high fruit numbers. Based on the current study, white plastic mulch with Gelilama variety is an effective strategy for enhancing tomato yield. However further research on the interaction of drip irrigation with mulching and both breeding and management practices can be conducted to explore its efficiency on tomato production and disease management practices.
Effect of Soil Physicochemical and Irrigation Scheduling on Yield and water productivity of Irrigated Maize (Zea Mays) at Haiba Irrigation Scheme, Tigray, North Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-01-28) Yemane Adane
In Tigray, traditional soil and water management practices have significantly undermined government efforts to achieve food security, particularly in areas with limited soil fertility and water resources. In such contexts, the application of soil fertility amendments and the adoption of appropriate irrigation techniques become critical priorities. This study aimed tevaluate the effects of soil physicochemical properties and irrigation scheduling on the yield and water productivity of irrigated maize (Zea mays) at the Haiba Irrigation Scheme, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural and soil and water management practices in the highlands of semi-arid Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for key physicochemical properties, including texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and essential nutrient levels. Concurrently, field trials were conducted to assess different irrigation schedules, notably conventional and regulated deficit irrigation strategies, during the critical growth stages of maize. The crop water requirements were estimated using CROPWAT 8 software, allowing for a comparative analysis of scientific (CropWat) and traditional farmers' irrigation scheduling methods based on yield, crop water productivity (CWP), irrigation water productivity (IWP), and economic water productivity (EWP) during the 2019 cropping season. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) across three sites with three replications, incorporating two treatments. Statistical analyses were performed using Minitab and SPSS software. Results indicated that yield and yield components, along with CWP and IWP metrics, were statistically higher in the CropWat scheduling treatments compared to traditional methods (p < 0.05). The total average water applied was 790 mm for the CropWat method and 886 mm for the traditional method, revealing that farmers applied 12% more water than recommended, leading to over-irrigation. The CropWat scheduling method resulted in a water savings of 96.4 mm, sufficient to irrigate an additional 0.2 hectares. Maize yields under CropWat scheduling reached 5.25 t/ha, significantly higher than the 2.32 t/ha achieved with traditional scheduling. The improved crop water productivity (CWP), irrigation water productivity (IWP), and economic water productivity (EWP) reinforce the recommendation for adopting CropWat-based irrigation scheduling at the Haiba Irrigation Scheme. For successful adoption, it is essential to improve farmers' irrigation water management skills through targeted training and technical support from experts.