College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources Management
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Item Effects of war on rural household food security case of Hawzien District, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia(Mekelle University, 2025-06-17) Gebremichael GebretinsaeArmed civil wars carry various direct and indirect costs that strongly affect households‘ living conditions at the time of the war and for many years thereafter. The war in Tigray affected many household livelihoods. However, to what extent the war affected the household food security was not yet studied. Hence, this research intended to assess the effect of war on household food security at household level in Tigray region. This study was employed simple random sampling to select Hawzien district. For this purpose, 219 sample household were selected form three Tabies of the district randomly. Therefore, data were collected using household survey, focus group discussion and key informant interview. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and OLS regression model. The effect of war on household food security was analyzed using OLS regression. Accordingly, the OLS regression model indicates that war severity index (CSI) reveals a strong negative effect food security, with a positive coefficient indicating that increased war intensity leads to significantly higher food insecurity levels. Conversely, food availability decreases with greater war severity, highlighting disruptions in supply chains, agricultural destruction, and community displacement. Despite some improvements in food access and dietary diversity, many households resort to detrimental coping strategies, including selling assets and consuming seed stock, jeopardizing future food security. Therefore, implement immediate food relief programs to address acute food shortages in the most affected households with collaborate of NGOs and international organizations to provide food aid and nutritional support.Item The Impact of War on Management Capacity, Wildlife Habitat Loss and Threats with Their Severity for Restoration in Kafta Sheraro National Park; Tigray-Ethiopia(Mekelle University, 2025-05-21) Haftom Hagos AsgedomThe study was conducted in Kaftasheraro national park, a protected area in the Tigray region of Ethiopia found and it investigates the losses on management capacity, intensification of conservation challenges and potential restoration strategies for kafta Sheraro national Park, which has faced significant ecological threats, particularly during and after the recent war in the region. For threat severity ranking and restoration strategies 30 park personnel were select assuming strong understanding of the local environment, wildlife, and conservation practices of the park. with 12 FGD and 12 key respondents from development agents, kebele administers selected to gather information in depth.a mixed-methods approach both descriptive and thematic analysis were used. descriptive and statistical analyses, including the calculation of the Protected Area Relative Threatened Index (PARTI), this research identifies the primary threats to the park and evaluates potential management strategies to enhance its conservation capacity. illegal gold mining, wildlife hunting, domestic animal grazing, and agricultural encroachment have been the most persistent threats to the Park, with these pressures intensifying during the war years. The war period saw a sharp increase in the severity of threats, as law enforcement and conservation efforts were severely diminished. Post-war, while some recovery measures have been implemented by EWCA, however due to the continuing instability in the area the park is separated in to two parts until this study have been done makes the park management impossible to start formal work.The study identifies War induced losses on management, park wildlife habitat and current threats such as expansion of farming land, irregular gold mining, fire, free grazing, wildlife poaching, and weak enforcement continue to hinder effective conservation. Several key management strategies among the most highly ranked strengthening law enforcement (mean score = 4.46), providing continuous capacity-building training to park staff (mean score = 4.2), and ensuring that local communities benefit from the park’s resources (mean score = 4.5). Additionally, the removal of encroaching settlements, and the restoration of degraded habitats were emphasized as critical steps for future conservation efforts. To do these urgent concern needed from regional, federal and international conservation concerned bodies to take actions on restoration of the park before the problems become non reversible for sustained conservation of the park for now and future generation.Item Honeybee Production System, Colony Selection Criteria and Performance in Different Agro ecological Zones of Ahferom District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia(Mekelle University, 2025-02-15) Tuemay Wendm MesfinThe study was conducted in Ahferom district, central zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia in 2023/2024 to investigate honeybee production systems, honeybee colony selection criteria and colony performance in different agro-ecological zones. Six Tabias were selected purposely to represent the lowland, midland and highlands. A total of 180 sample beekeepers were selected using simple random sampling method. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire, field observations, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA using SPSS software (version23). Two types of honeybee production systems. The overall mean number of colonies holding in traditional (4.12) and Modern (0.64) per household beekeepers. Population of worker bees, colour of worker bees, direction of comb building, aggressiveness, honey yield, age of colony, pests and predator resistance, honeybee behavior were the first ten most important parameters of colony selection criteria. Different indigenous knowledge of experiences was identified by the interviewed beekeepers. About 30 major honeybee floras were identified in the study area. Likewise, six poison plants for bee colony were identified by the beekeepers. An average honey yield of 7.17±6.08 in highland, 15.17±2.61 in midland and 16.62±3.056 kg/hive/year in lowland was harvested from traditional hive. Likewise, 14.73±9.14 (highland), 22.26±3.83 (midland) and 24.21±5.98 kg/hive/year (lowland) was obtained from modern hive. Honey production was significantly affected by hive types and agro-ecologies (p<0.05). Colony absconding was a key problem in beekeeping and more frequently and very serious absconding was observed in traditional hive with 95, 75 and 88% in highland, midland and lowland areas, respectively. About 70, 63 and 76% of the beekeepers responded the number of honeybee colony remains decreased in highland, midland and lowland areas, respectively. The major constraints affecting beekeeping development declared 14 major problems that hinder the development of beekeeping. An average of 4.26±4.53 honeybee colonies, 70.86 kg of honey lost per household and 78293 ETB total returns lost from the sale of bee colony and honey per household due to war damage