College of Veterinary Sciences
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Item ASSESSMENT ON CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF RED MEAT EXPORT ABATTOIRS IN AND AROUND ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2024-06-28) Welay Yihdego G/medhinMeat Exports are significant for the country’s economic growth and sustainable development because they make foreign exchange. The study's main objective was to assess and identify the challenges and opportunities of red meat export abattoirs in and around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A descriptive study that included both quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted, hence Semi-structured questionnaires were conducted with the relevant primary data from key staff members of the exporting companies, and overall, 130 respondents were selected for the study, and to analyze the data, Descriptive statistics and ranking method (Likert Scale) were used to analyze the data which then were presented using tables in frequencies and percentages. Based on the findings, results, and analysis of a study generally showed that shortage of access to necessary supply (86 %) and traceable animals (84%), lack of destination to penetrate new markets and poor performance (87%), insufficient information for over set market (74%), and inadequate distribution channel (70%), absence of national promotion (81%) and international computation (71%), and high transport and equipment cost (64%) are the major factors. Major opportunities for firms in this companies encompass ensuring production and product safety, optimizing average production costs, possessing export market knowledge, benefiting from proximity to foreign markets, and tariffs and quotas cannot challenge for red meat export development. The recommendations are the Formulation of an effective red meat export strategy, the Need for Governmental support for the implementation of a traceability system, the Devoted Promotion and Advertising Team, the Formulation of Short-term and Long-term Export Growth Policies, Establishing efficient distribution channels, Simplifying Export Sector Regulations, and Designated appropriate red meat animal transportation and slaughtering facility of red meat export abattoirs are crucial to enhancing red meat export performance in the countryItem CONSUMER PERCEPTION AND PREFERENCE TOWARDS PROCESSED POULTRY MEAT SOLD AND CONSUMED IN BISHOFITU TOWN, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Seyoum Hagos MawechaAs there was no scientific information and data regarding consumer’s perception and preference for processed poultry meat, this study was carried out with the objective of obtaining scientific information and data on consumer perception and preference of processed poultry meat sold and consumed in Bishofitu town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional design was used. Pretested survey questionnaire was employed to collect the data. Chicken mortadella, fried chicken and chicken burger were mostly consumed processed poultry meat products in the town. Majority (54%) of the respondents pointed out that the reason to purchase processed poultry meat was availability, followed by (33%) saving time for preparation (33%). Mass media was not an important source of information toward processed poultry meat products, but shopkeepers or retailers were the main source of information, followed by window display. Majority of the respondents (67%) bought processed poultry meat directly from supermarket being advantaged to buy other food and goods at one way saving time, and more control on the selection, preparation of processed poultry meat products. Price was the most important attribute to purchase and consume processed poultry meat products. It was found that 94% of the respondents were unaware about the nutritional labeling of the products at point of purchase, and 93% of the respondents considered the quality of the products, based on product-oriented quality, but none of respondents responded quality control. Respondents perceived that perceived cost, sensory and healthiness were first and second most expected qualities, whereas, process and convenience were the most experienced qualities. Tenderness and flavor were the first and second most important preferred sensory qualities by the respondents. Around 94%, 88% and 87% respondents were unaware toward antibiotics, microbes and animal welfares, respectively. Respondents perceived that processed poultry meat freshness was the most helpful considered attribute when assessed the safety of processed poultry meat or food products. All domestically produced processed poultry meat was packaged by processors without controlling the quality and safety. Furthermore, food service providers stored processed poultry meat in refrigerators to increase shelf life and reduce meat quality losses. Majority of the food service providers (80%) responded that, fasting seasons affected sell of processed poultry meat products slightlyItem onsumer preferences and perceptions of processed red meat in Mekelle City, Tigrai, Ethiopia.(Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Daniel GebregezabherThe present study was carried out to understand the consumer perception and preferences towards processed red meat. Purposive sampling method was used to select a total number of four hundred and forty (440) respondents. Data were collected by using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data which then were presented using tables in frequencies and percentages. The study group comprised of 367 males and 73 females. The educational background of respondents was found to vary between schools going to college/university degree. The study indicates that close to 94 percent respondents liked processed red meat. The weekly consumption level was the highest (75.45%) consumption pattern. Beef sausage and burger were the processed meat types consumed in the city. Consumption was affected by sensory quality (flavor, color, tenderness and juiciness) and nutrition, healthiness and safety and quality. In addition, extrinsic attributes such as reliability, attractiveness and packaging affect the consumers’ consumption. Furthermore, high price, accessibility (availability) and promotion were the main challenges for consumers where their main source of information was window display. Determination of consumer preferences and the factors affecting them had great importance as marketing tools and developing new strategies.Item FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMERS’ CHOICE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS TYPE IN SENDAAFA TOWN(Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Regasa ChalaAll consumers' of dairy products has his/her own products type choice. Dairy product type reflect confident factor affecting beforehand buying products. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors affecting consumers ‘choice of dairy product type in Sendafa town. The predicted variables involved in this research are dairy product type price, quality safety, promotion, nutritional value and product type availability; whereas product type choice is the dependent variable. So the aim of this work was to test consumers’ consume perception for several dairy products type (Raw milk, Pasteurized milk, yoghurt, Cottage cheese and butter) to evaluate the factors affecting consumers’ choice for dairy product type in study area. Relevant literatures have been reviewed in considering the idea and to find major factors that affect consumer dairy product type. Open questionnaires were distributed to nominated sample respondents by means of structured questionnaire and talk administered by the student to 350 consumers' the Committee housing units using dairy products. The respondent be located sampled based on simple random sampling and consumer were sampled using Committee housing units as this research, single housing unit symbolized single person technique. For Data analyzing through SPSS, Descriptive and multiple regression used. The results show that consumers’ using buying of dairy products increasing significantly for Raw milk and butter strongly and moderately for cheese and yoghurt and very low for pasteurized milk. So, raw milk and butter were found to be the furthermost chosen product type among encouraged dairy product type in study area. Respondents gender, age, marital status, income level and occupation status are found to be the demographic variables affecting consumers dairy product type considerably. Independent variable found as most factor affecting consumers choice of dairy product type significantly is price. Recommendations founding on the results from the research, for dairy products processor so as to make well and knowledgeable decisions that can be used to factor affect the approach of consumers make product type choice judgment. Dairy products pricing system, standards and regulation have to be regulated. Therefore, it is recommended that the administration of town has to inspire investors both manufacturers and sellers in the dairy sector to satisfy the increasing needs of society.Item Assessment of Dairy Value Chain and Dairy Production Systems in Southern and South Eastern Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia(Mekelle University, 2024-07-21) Haftu Kahsay GebrehiwotThe purpose of this study was to assess dairy value chain and dairy production systems in selected districts from Southern and South Eastern Zone of Tigray. Primary data was collected by interviewing a total of 110 dairy producers in purposively selected in Mehoni and Hintalo districts. The collected data was analyzed using application of appropriate statistical tools and simple descriptive statistics was used to present the results. Majority of the respondents stated that the family size was small sized with 2 to 5 members. About 68 of the respondents head man occupation in the study areas was dairy farming. In the study areas, most owners had 2-5, 5-7, and 7-9 dairy cows respectively. The available land was mainly used for crop and pasture production. Respondents stated that the main purpose of keeping animals was to be used as asset and the reason to start dairy farm was for household food. In the present study, majority of the respondents mentioned that support by government was the main encouragement to start dairy farming. Manual churning using clay pot was the main churning system in the study areas. As mentioned by majority of the respondents raw milk was the main dairy product produced in the area. The main feed resource in the study area was hay followed by crop residue. The main water source for dairy production was water rain catchment. Development agents were the primary source of dairy products marketing in the study areas. About 38 of the respondents stated that raw milk was the primary dairy product consumed in the study areas. Majority of the respondents (56) stated that livestock/dairy potential was the main opportunity for dairy production in the study areas. Lack of credit, poor genetic potential, animal disease and high feed cost as well as availability problem were the main constraints in the study areas. The present study suggested that establishing of dairy producers should get credit support, extension and veterinary servicesItem ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF RAW COW MILK ALONG THE DAIRY VALUE CHAIN IN MEKELLE CITY, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2024-06-28) Gidey AmbayeMilk is still a staple food worldwide, and its quality is critical for its taste, technological properties, and dietary importance. However, milk's complex biochemistry, high water activity, and nutritional content make it an ideal environment for microbial growth and reproduction. The study evaluated raw cow's milk quality based on bacteriological and physicochemical composition among dairy value chain operators in Mekelle City. The study was conducted from December 2023 to June 2024, with a purposive multi-stage sampling strategy and simple random sample procedures. One hundred twenty raw milk samples (Dairy farm, 80; Vendors, 20; Cafeteria, 20) were collected. Furthermore, raw milk constraints were assessed using a questionnaire survey from sampled raw milk participants. Conventional protocols and lactoscan milk analyzer were used to test collected milk samples in the Microbiology laboratory at Mekelle University College of Veterinary Science. Collected milk samples collected from dairy value chain actors were found with an average fat, protein, lactose, SNF, freezing, point, density, and ash, 4.58±0.94%, 3.08±0.27%, 4.58±0.47%, 8.44±0.685%, -0.5395±0.05C0, 1.029±0.0029%, 0.67±0.061%, respectively. The overall bacterial and coliform counts were 1.21x107±1.4x108 and 5.2x104±2.1x105 (median ± IQR), respectively. The primary factors recorded affecting the quality of raw cow milk include limited awareness, poor hygienic standards, a shortage of clean water, inadequate cooling facilities, a lack of quality control systems, and the absence of a payment system based on quality. The study indicated lower milk microbial quality at the cafeteria followed by the vendors, than dairy producers. Therefore, the result highlights the need for a consistent monitoring system under a regulatory bodyItem ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF PASTEURELLA AND MANNHEMIA FROM PNEUMONIC PASTEURELLOSIS SUSPECTED SHEEP AND GOATS IN BISHOFTU TOWN AND THE SURROUNDING RURAL KEBELES OF ADA’A DISTRICT, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Tesfaye Bekele KassaRespiratory diseases are a major concern for sheep and goats in Ethiopia, particularly in the highland areas where they are reared widely. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2021 to isolate and molecularly confirm Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from pneumonic pasteurellosis suspected sheep and goats in Bishoftu Town and the surrounding Rural Kebeles of Ada’a Districts of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. A purposive sampling method was applied to select study animals from those brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture of Addis Ababa University for clinical treatments. Nasal swabs from shoat with suspected pneumonic pasteurellosis were collected and the target bacteria were isolated and identified through standard bacteriological methods using phenotypic features and biochemical tests. Molecular confirmation of isolates was performed through amplification of virulence-associated genes, PHSSA (Pasteurella haemolytica serotypespecific antigen) and Rpt2, of Mannheimia haemolytica and universal gene, KMT1 of Pasteurella multocida using conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (cPCR). Consequently, from 56 animals (43 sheep and 13 goats), 29 (51.7%), (25 sheep and 4 goats) presumptive isolates of M. hemolytica, and 11 (19.6%) P. multocida were recovered. Out of this, five isolates were positive for either of the two virulence genes of M. haemolytica (Rpt2=four; PHSSA=one) using PCR, but no isolate was confirmed for its universal gene from P. multocida presumptive isolates. From the PCR-positive animals (n=5), four were sheep and one was a goat. The study found that M. haemolytica is a significant bacteria associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats in the area, highlighting the need for a vaccine targeting these bacteria or its antigens. However, other contributing factors like viral and parasitic agents should also be considered. Further research to identify and characterize these agents in diverse geographical areas and the development of polyvalent respiratory disease vaccines are recommended to address the issue at both the local and national levelsItem COCCIDIOSIS IN BROILER FARMS OF MEKELLE CITY, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA: ANALYSIS OF BIOSECURITY PRACTICES, PREVALENCE, AND POSTMORTEM LESIONS(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) TESFAY GEBREWAHDCoccidiosis, a serious parasitic disease, poses a significant threat to commercial chicken farms, leading to substantial financial and job losses for producers. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between poultry coccidiosis prevalence and biosecurity practices on commercial broiler farms. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to November 2024 assessed biosecurity levels and coccidiosis prevalence in small and medium-sized broiler farms in Mekelle city. A total of 257 fresh chicken dropping samples from broiler farms were collected and examined for Eimeria oocysts using microscopy and McMaster Technique, and biosecurity practices of 23 small and 15 medium-scale farms were measured using UGBioCheck Tool. The overall prevalence of Eimeria oocyst infections among the fecal samples were 23.74% and farm-level prevalence was 68.42 %. The analysis revealed a significant association between age and coccidiosis prevalence (p < 0.05), indicating that younger chickens (< 8 weeks) had a higher infection rate compared to older ones. The study also categorized the oocyst counts, and 70.49% of positive samples had low levels of infection (less than 10,000 oocysts per gram), while only 9.84% exhibited high levels of infection. In postmortem examinations, 55.56% of the examined cases showed gross lesions indicative of coccidiosis, with the cecum being the most affected site (38.89%). The overall, external and internal biosecurity scores were measured to be 47.26%, 44.57% and 53%, respectively. This shows that the biosecurity scores were significantly lower than global averages. Furthermore, external biosecurity score was lower than internal biosecurity score, with visitors and farm workers and disease management rated highest in external and internal biosecurity. Over 73% of the farms housed other animals, and 42.11% reported nearby water sources that could risk disease transmission. All farms followed vaccination protocols and removed dead birds daily, with around 97.37% cleaning poultry houses after each production cycle. The study found a strong correlation between low biosecurity scores and higher occurrences of coccidiosis; specifically, 57.89% of farms with poor biosecurity scores tested positive for Eimeria oocysts. The findings underscore the need for improved biosecurity practices to enhance poultry health and reduce disease prevalence within broiler farmsItem SERO-PREVALENCE, MOLECULAR DETECTION AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF EASTERN AND SOUTH EASTERN ZONES OF TIGRAY REGION(Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) Tadele GebereslassiePeste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), also known as "goat plague, is a contagious, transboundary viral disease of both domestic and wild small ruminants associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Cross-Sectional Study was carried out From January 2024 to December 2024 in Enderta and Kiltawulaelo districts in the eastern and southeastern zones of the Tigray region to determine the seroprevalence, related risk factors, and molecular detection of PPR virus in sheep and goats using a combination of purposive and simple random sampling. 384 serum samples 43 swab samples and were gathered in total, PPR virus-specific antibodies and viral nucleic acid were found using the virus neutralization test and real-time RT PCR, respectively. The relationship between PPR seroprevalence and the possible risk factors was examined using Pearson's chi-square and logistic regression analysis. Of the total 384 sera samples tested, 41.9% (n = 161) were found positive for PPRV antibody, the seroprevalence in the districts of Enderta and Kiltawulaelo was found to be 47.6% (n = 98) and 35.% (n = 63), respectively, while the species level was found to be 36.8% (n = 49) in sheep and 44.6% (n = 112) in goats. Out of all the sera analyzed, 39 samples (43.8%) were positive from males and 122 samples (41.4%) were positive from females. and from 43 samples tested with the real-time PCR, 23.26% (n = 10) were detected positive. The results of the research showed that the PPR virus was active in the investigated areas. To minimize the threat of PPR, strategic vaccination of sheep and goats should be implemented.Item COPROLOGICAL STUDY OF TREMATODE INFECTIONS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN CATTLE AND SHEEP AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRESHWATER SNAIL IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEASTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) Girmay GebrezgiTrematode infections are a significant cause of disease and economic losses worldwide. However, limited research has been conducted in the South and Southeastern zones of Tigray, Ethiopia, regarding the local epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and management strategies. To address this gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2023 to December 2024 to investigate the prevalence of trematode infections in cattle and sheep and the spatial distribution of freshwater snails in these areas. Simple random sampling was used to select study animals, and descriptive statistics were computed using STATA version 16. In total, 1536 fecal samples (768 from cattle and 768 from sheep) were examined, alongside snail collection. Additionally, 13 laboratory-bred mice were exposed en masse to Schistosoma cercariae for confirmation of transmission. The study revealed that the majority (60.29%, 463/768) of cattle and 53.5% (411/768) of sheep had either single or multiple trematode infections. Among cattle, 19.01% were testing positive for fasciolosis, while 20.7% exhibited mixed infections of Fasciola and Paramphistomum species. In sheep, 21.74% were positive for fasciolosis and 18.23% for mixed infections. The South zone had the highest prevalence in both cattle and sheep. Furthermore, most of the positive rates were exhibited in adult cattle with poor body condition scores while in adult sheep with medium body condition scores. Logistic regression showed a significant association between zone and bovine fasciolosis (OR = 1.76; P = 0.000), but no significant association for ovine fasciolosis. A total of 1269 snails were collected, identified as Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus truncatus, and Lymnaea natalensis. Intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis collected during the survey were found to be shedding Schistosoma cercariae. Furthermore, en masse cercariae-exposed laboratory-bred mice confirm the active transmission of schistosomiasis in the study area. The study highlights the trematode infections and the heterogeneous distribution of snails in the study area are a significant health concern for cattle and sheep, underlining the need for targeted control measures to mitigate the public health and economic impacts in the region
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