College of Veterinary Sciences

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PREVALENCE, CYST VIABILITY AND FINANCIAL LOSS OF HYDATIDOSIS IN CATTLE SLAUGHTERED AT MAICHEW MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR, TIGRAY REGION, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2023-10-25) Yohannes Teame
Hydatidosis is one of the neglected parasitic diseases with both public health and economic importance worldwide. In Ethiopia it is one of the major parasitic diseases responsible for low productivity of livestock industry through imposing poor weight gains and condemnation of organs. Even though, the disease is well documented throughout the country, its current prevalence and economic impact was not known in cattle slaughtered at Maichew municipality abattoir. To fill the gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2021 to Oct 2023 to estimate the prevalence, cyst characterization and economic importance of bovine hydatid cyst in the Maichew municipal abattoir. To achieve these objectives, routine meat inspection, hydatid cyst count and characterization were performed. In the current study, out of 384 heads of cattle slaughtered and examined in the abattoir; 11.98% (46/384) were harboring hydatid cyst in the major vital organs of the host as follows: lungs, 46.2% (21/46) and liver, 41.8% (18/46). In the current study, these two organs were the most affected once. In addition, out of the total of 117 cysts examined for the fertility test, 46.2 % (54/117), 31.6% (37/117), and 22.2% (26/117) were found to be fertile, sterile, and calcified cysts, respectively. Furthermore, of the total 54 fertile cysts tested for viability, 63% (34/54) were viable and 37% (20/54) were non-viable cysts and the difference in prevalence among animals of different body condition score was statistically significant (P< 0.05). The prevalence was highest in poor body condition than medium and good body condition scores. This might be due to either the impact of the parasites in body condition losses or animal with poor body condition are less resistance to limit the development of the cyst in the vital organs. Lastly, this study revealed that the total annual economic loss due to bovine hydatidosis in Maichew municipal abattoir was estimated to be 461,164.96 ETB (13,974.7US$). The results of this study indicated that hydatidosis pose significant economic impact by causing condemnation of considerable numbers of organs, rendering them unfit for market. Therefore, initiation and implementation of control measures are very important in order to alleviate its economic impact as well as zoonotic risks to the human
SERO-PREVALENCE OF SMALL RUMINANT BRUCELLOSIS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN ENDERTA DISTRICT, SOUTHEASTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY
(Mekelle University, 2023-10-25) SISAY FISEHA
Small ruminant brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease that poses a threat to both animal and human health. This study was aimed to determine the sero-prevalence of small ruminant brucellosis and identify associated risk factors in Enderta district of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional research design was employed from May, 2021 till October, 2023, and blood samples were collected from small ruminants managed under an extensive production system. Purposive sampling technique was followed to select district and peasant associations, and simple random sampling technique was also followed to select animals and attendants. The Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and the Complement Fixation Test (CFT) were used as screening and confirmatory tests, respectively. A questionnaire survey was also conducted on100 animal owners’ to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding brucellosis. A total of 384 animals were sampled, and the overall sero-prevalence of brucellosis was determined. The RBPT and CFT results showed that 24 animals tested positive for brucellosis, resulting in an overall sero-prevalence rate of 6.3% ( 95% CI: 0.042-0.092). The sero-prevalence rates were further analyzed in relation to potential risk factors. The presence of abortion history and older age greater than 2years in the flock was significantly associated with sero-positivity (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of sero-positivity were higher in flocks with a history of abortion (OR=36, 95% CI: 13.30-97.39, p<0.001) and the odds of sero-positivity were also higher in animals with older age greater than 2years (OR=20.13, 95% CI: 2.68-150.62, P<0.003). The questionnaire survey revealed that 83 % of flock owners associated abortion with disease conditions. However, some flock owners were observed practicing activities that expose to brucellosis. About 5 % consume raw milk, 95 % do not bury aborted materials and 96 % assist their animals at delivery with bare hands. The low level and inadequate preventive practices among flock owners highlights the need for targeted awareness campaigns and improved disease management strategies. These findings can inform the development of effective control and prevention measures to reduce the burden of small ruminant brucellosis in the study area
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hydatidosis in Sheep and Goats Slaughtered at Maandeeq Abattoir, Hargeisa, Somaliland
(Mekelle University, 2023-10-28) Yousuf Ahmed Farah
Hydatidosis, caused by the parasitic cestode Echinococcus granulosus, poses a significant public health concern in many regions. This study aims to determine the prevalence of hydatid cysts in sheep and goats slaughtered at Maandeeq Abattoir in Hargeisa, Somaliland, as well as to identify associated risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one month with random selection of 400 slaughtered shoats (200 sheep and 200 goats). Post-mortem examinations were performed on visceral organs, including the liver, lung, kidney, heart, and spleen, following recommended procedures. Animals were categorized as either positive or negative for the presence of hydatid cysts based on a comprehensive assessment involving visual inspection, palpation, and systematic organ incision. Data from ante-mortem and post-mortem findings were recorded in MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 20). The Chi-Square (χ2) test was employed to assess the association between risk factors and the prevalence of Hydatidosis. A pvalue < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Out of 200 slaughtered sheep, 16 (8.0%) were infected with hydatid cysts. The prevalence among slaughtered goats was 3.5%, with 7 out of 200 goats infected. Overall, of the 400 animals examined (sheep and goats), 23 were infected, resulting in a prevalence of 5.8%. Age class showed a strong association (p < 0.0001), with 13 out of 335 adult animals (2-5 years) and 10 out of 45 old animals (> 5 years) infected. Sex also exhibited a moderate association (p = 0.01), with 8 out of 241 males and 15 out of 159 females infected. Although animal origin displayed a moderate association, it was not statistically significant (p = 0.074). In conclusion, this study determined the prevalence of hydatid cysts in sheep and goats slaughtered at Maandeeq Abattoir in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The results highlight the importance of considering age and sex as potential risk factors for Hydatidosis. Further interventions and control measures are necessary to reduce the prevalence and associated risks of this zoonotic disease
ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY STUDY ON ROOT AND LEAF EXTRACTS OF MAERUA SUBCORDATA USING RAT MODEL
(Mekelle University, 2023-11-21) Tilahun Arefe Menasibo
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that has become a significant global health care issue. The disease affects both humans and animal. The current anti-diabetic drugs' limited efficacy, serious side effects, and constrained availability problems still need to be overcome. As a result, many people prefer to use traditional treatments, and Maeruasubcordata is one of medicinal plants traditionally used to treat diabetes. To study the potential efficacy of M. subcordata as alternative therapies for the management of diabetes on rat model.25 Sprague Dawley (SD) Rats, weighing 140 g (20%) and aged 6 to 8 weeks, were used in this investigation. Five experimental groups were used. Group I (DTM): diabetic treatments with metformin (300 mg/kgbw); Group II (DTL): diabetic treatments with leaf extract (300 mg/kgbw); Group III (DLR): diabetic treatments with root extract (300 mg/kgbw); Group IV (DC): diabetic control (Diabetic, Vehicle control, DW, 10 mL/kg) (positive control); and Group V(NC): normal control (non-diabetic control). After the anti-diabetic study was performed for 28 days, fasting blood Glucose (FBG) and Body weight (BW) were measured in various groups at the specific days of (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28).Moreover, rats were ethically sacrificed, and the organs (liver, kidney, and spleen) were histopathological examined and compared to a normal control. In comparison with the control, treatment with M.subcordats leave and root extracts (300mg/kg) revealed significantly lowered fasting blood glucose (P<0.05) level. However, treatment of the extracts did not show statistically significant reduction in organ and total body weight of the rats (P>0.05). Histhopathological examination showed that M. subcordats leaf and root (300mg/kg b.w.) treated rats had mild microscopic lesions as compared to the untreated diabetic rats while these lesions were comparable to the lesions developed by the standard drug treated rats. This extract treatment revealed that there was an indication of healing processing. Metformin and the tested extracts showed no significant effect on body weight loss, but they do significantly lowered FBGL (P<0.05). Extracts may be employed as a medicinal agent in the management of DM of the hyperglycemic effect M. Subcordata may therefore be clinically helpful in the management of diabetics and in the defense of ß -cells against streptozotocin.
THE OCCURANCE OF CATTLE BABESIOSIS IN MARODIJEH REGION, SOMALILAND
(Mekelle University, 2023-11-21) Mohamed Adam Abdi
Babesiosis, a tick-borne protozoal disease, poses a significant threat to cattle populations worldwide, including Somaliland. This research aimed to investigate the prevalence of cattle Babesiosis and its associated risk vectors in the Marodijeh region, Somaliland. The major objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of Babesiosis and identify factors associated with its occurrence. A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving a comprehensive examination of cattle populations, tick infestations, and risk factors contributing to the occurrence of Babesiosis. A total of 356 cattle were sampled, and the presence of Babesia species was determined. The Chi-Square (χ2) test was employed to assess the association between risk factors and the prevalence of Babesiosis. The results of the study indicated that 5.4% of the cattle tested positive for Babesiosis. Among Babesia species, B. bigemina had a higher prevalence at 4.8% compared to B. bovis, which accounted for 0.6% of the cases. These findings highlight the differential impact of Babesia species in the region. Furthermore, the research explored the influence of factors such as age, sex, body condition, and tick infestation on the prevalence of the disease. Geographic variations, farming systems, and seasonal factors were found to contribute significantly to the differences in Babesiosis prevalence. The ChiSquare analysis confirmed these associations, with p-values supporting the significance of these risk factors. In conclusion, this study underscores the need for region-specific disease control and prevention strategies to effectively manage Babesiosis in the Marodijeh region and similar areas. Such strategies should take into account the differential prevalence of B. bigemina and B. bovis and address the specific risk factors identified in this study. The results provide valuable insights for local veterinary authorities and policymakers to design targeted interventions for the management of Babesiosis, ultimately improving the health and productivity of cattle populations in the region
ASSESSEMENT OF DAIRY COWS WELFARE IN SELECTED URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AREAS OF TIGRAY REGION, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2023-11-25) Alemu Gebrekurstos
This study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the community on dairy cattle welfare in 47 purposively selected dairy farms of urban and peri-urban areas of Tigray region from March-to May, 2021. In this study, a doorto-door survey was conducted using semi-structured interview to collect primary data on various dairy cow welfare practices like feeding, housing and milking welfare keeping in mind the “Five Freedoms”. As a result, a total of 47 study participants from the different socio-demographic backgrounds were purposively selected and voluntarily filled out the semi structured questionnaire which was distributed to gather the required information from the respondents. In this tradition of the dairy cattle care, good welfare is seen largely as the absence of illness or injury and malnutrition. More recent concerns about dairy cattle welfare have focused on the pain and distress that the cattle might experience as a result of widely accepted management practices, and the possibility that the animals suffer as a result of being kept under apparently inadequate conditions. The findings show that 57.45 % (n=27) of the respondents had knowledge about animal welfare, acquired through the vet. Profession whereas 61.7% (n=29) of the respondents prefer to have free movement of animals within their premises. None of the farmers had heard of the term dairy cow welfare. However, farmers of 76.5% (n=36) of the dairy farm agreed that cows should have free access to feed and water. 4.26% (n=2) of respondents in this study did not receive formal training on animal welfare issues. It is believed that more can and should be done to ensure that a dairy cow has a life worth living. An attitude of critical dairy cattle welfare issues relates to the supply of trained, skilled dairy farmers and stockmen. In conclusion, in the urban and pre-urban areas of Tigray region the farms are imperative immediate remedial measures in order to improve the degree of cow‘s welfare
HUMAN AND ANIMAL FAECES MANAGEMENT IN SELECTED KEBELLES OF KILTE AWLAELO HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY SITE (HDSS): KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF HOUSEHOLDS
(Mekelle University, 2023-11-25) Syum Guesh
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kilte-Awlaelo Health and Demographic Survey Site from randomly selected 351 households. The study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of residents regarding faeces management. A structured questionnaire was prepared, translated from English into Tigrigna, and pretested. Animal manure is mainly collected by adult women (74.7%, 260) and female children (58.9%, 207). Usually, animal faeces are collected by Spade (89.7%, 315) and bare hand picking (40.5%, 142). The 321 (91.5%) respondents indicated that the cattle faeces are stored either as store in a heap (42.5%, 149) or underground in a deep hole/compost (49.3%, 173) or in a biogas digester pit (2%, 7). Collected faeces is used as fertilizer (304, 86.6%) or dung cake making (291, 82.9%). Open defecation was exercised by 75.21% (264) whereas 12.54% (44) had pit latrines without slabs. Mothers of the household disposed of their child stools in garbage 107 (71.33%). Feco-oral practice with animal faeces in children was reported by 94 households. Respondents wash their hands after toilet (350, 99.72%), after changing the baby’s sanitary materials (341, 97.15%), before handling food/eating (350, 99.72%), after handling animal manure (344, 98.01%), after touching animals (342, 97.44%), and after handling raw food 348 (99.15%). Of the respondents, 342 (99.44%) and 309 (88.03%) agreed both human and animal faeces contain germs that could make people sick respectively. Drying animal faeces to dry before touching them (303, 86.32%), and making compost (309, 88.03) can reduce the spread of germs to people. The sources of water for the household's overall consumption were standpipe (90.03%, 316), and piped water into dwelling/yard/plot 24 (6.84%). About 197 (56.13%) used streams/rivers as sources of drinking. In conclusion, these findings emphasize the importance of public education on livestock waste management, and improved WaSH interventions; and call up on the importance of considering the management of animal excreta in the ongoing global WaSH program of 2030
EFFECT OF MIDAZOLAM AND ACEPROMAZINE WITH KETAMINE COMBINATION ON CLINICO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HEMATOBIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN SHEEP IN MEKELLE, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2023-11-25) HAILAY KAHSAY
An experimental study was carried out from July to October 2023 to evaluate the effects of the general anesthetic combinations of Midazolam-Ketamine and AcepromazineKetamine on clinico-physiological and hematobiochemical parameters in sheep in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Eight sheep were used in this experimental study. The sheep were randomly divided into two groups with four sheep each (two male and two female), of which four sheep were randomly assigned to an induction regimen of MidazolamKetamine (Group MK) and the other four sheep were assigned to AcepromazineKetamine (Group AK). Physical recording and laboratory analysis were used to collect the data. The collected data included anesthetic indices, physiological, hematobiochemical, and adverse effects of the anesthetic combinations. All recorded data were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed with SPSS version 23.0. A paired t-test was used to compare the clinico-physiological and hematobiochemical measurements. The significant difference in mean values at a 95% confidence interval (CI) was assessed using an independent t-test. To pinpoint the combinations' negative impacts, the Fisher’s exact test was used. In this study, Acepromazine-Ketamine combination had a shorter sternal recumbency time (4.17 ± 0.64 min) and induction of anesthesia (7.85 ± 3.73 min). In contrast, the Midazolam-Ketamine combination had a longer induction of anesthesia (15.10 ± 4.28 min) and sternal recumbency time (5.53 ± 0.22 min). The duration of anesthesia (43.3 ± 1.12 min) and recovery period (49.89 ± 5.10 min) were longer in the Midazolam-Ketamine combination, whereas the duration of anesthesia (17.01 ± 6.27 min) and recovery period (33.61±5.92 min) was shorter in the Acepromazine-Ketamine combination. Following administration of the MidazolamKetamine combination, the respiratory rate and the heart rate increased significantly. The experiment showed that the combination of Acepromazine-Ketamine produced stable surgical anesthesia for a short duration, whereas the Midazolam-Ketamine combination was the choice of general anesthesia for a longer duration
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE ASSESSMENT OF CATTLE OWNERS ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHEASTERN ZONES, TIGRAY, ETHPIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2023-11-25) TEKLEHAIMANOT GEBREMICHAEL
A cross-sectional study design was conducted from April, 2021 to August, 2021, to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices of cattle owners about LSD and review its occurrence selected districts of Eastern and Southeastern zones, Tigray. Primary and secondary data were collected. For the primary data a questionnaire surveys and FGD and KII were undertaken. A total of 438 questionnaires, 9 FGD and 12 KII were undertaken. The collected data were analyzed using STATA, descriptive statistics (expressed in terms of frequency and percentage) and univariate logistic regression were employed (expressed in terms of OR and 95% CI). In the current study majority of the respondents were in the age group of 31-40year (49.3%), male (92.5%), illiterate (52.1%) and farmer (75.3%). Majority of them had unfavorable attitude (69.8%) and poor practice (66.7%) toward LSD. Majority of the respondents (68.5%) identify LSD from other illnesses by nodular lesions and 53.0% believe that treating external parasites will reduce LSD infection. Eighty four percent of the respondents did not handle good management, 60.3% didn’t clean pen of cattle regularly and 85.6% did not receive any training about sick animal handling. Knowledge of cattle owners on LSD from Enderta, Adigudem and Wukro districts were 2.16 (OR= 2.16, 95% CI: 1.008, 4.563), 2.15 (OR = 2.15; 95% CI: 0.977, 4.757) and 2.07 (OR=2.07; 95% CI: 0.881, 4.889) times higher as compare to cattle owners of Tsrae-wenberta, respectively. Respondents in the age group of > 50 years old were 1.84 times higher likely to have positive attitude towards the disease compared to owners in the age group of 31-40 years old and the difference was statistically significant (OR=1.84,95% CI :1.091,3.108). Respondents who uses individual grazing land and individual ground water had 1.91 (OR= 1.91; 95% CI: 1.262, 2.893) and 2.80 (OR=2.80,95%CI: 1.476, 5.327) times better LSD prevention and control practice compared to cattle owners uses communal grazing land and dump, respectively. In conclusion, poor sick animal handling practice, poor animal pen hygienic, and inadequate information and training was encountered among respondents of the present study. Therefore, proper handling of sick animals, cleaning and disinfecting of pens and awareness creation need to be implemented
HANDLING PRACTICES AND POST-HARVEST LOSSES OF RAW COW MILK PRODUCED AND MARKETED IN MEKELLE CITY, TIGRAY REGION, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2023-11-28) Teame Ataklti Gebrehiwot
The study was conducted from December 2022 to November 2023 in four selected sub-cities of Mekelle, Tigray region, Ethiopia, aimed to assess the general hygienic handling practice and post-harvest losses of raw cow milk produced and marketed in Mekelle city. A total of 160 respondents were interviewed to collect the required information from milk producers, vendors and cafeteria using a semi-structured questionnaire and observational check lists. Survey work includes hygienic milk handling practices, milk marketing channels, methods of milk quality tests, milk utilization, post-harvest losses of milk and constraints of milk production, processing and marketing. About 52.5% of the respondents were females and the rest 47.5% were males. From the total interviewed members about 33.8% were attend elementary school followed by high school(26.9%),diploma(22.5%),read and write (6.9%),degree (3.1%) and illiterates (2.5%). In the current study area, the average milk production per week was 123.09 liters/week. In the present study showed that majority of the respondents clean the barn once a day. Nearly all respondents used plastic containers for milking, storage and transportation purpose. This survey results revealed that cleaning of milk handling equipment is common in all respondents. The water source for milk producers (46.5%), vendors (100%) and cafeteria (100%) was tap water. The entire household in the study area were washed and smoked their milk containers for the purpose of improving flavor and increasing shelf life. Organoleptic and density test were the main methods of milk quality test. The weekly milk post-harvest losses for milk producers, vendors and cafeteria were 0.60%, 0.25% and 0.70% respectively. The main constraints of milk processing in the study area were lack of small scale processing equipment, low milk supply and poor milk quality. Among the milk handling practices conducted by milk vendors, sources of milk, types of milk containers and cleaning agents were significantly (p<0.05) associated with the age of the respondents.
Non-Typhoidal Salmonella species and Escherichia coli as Proxy Indicators of Environmental Contamination: Coliform Count and Isolation in Kilteawlaelo Health and Demographic Survey Site of Tigray Region, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2023-11-28) Goitom Eyasu
Fecal-oral pathogens are transmitted from feces to new hosts through environmentally mediated pathways. Poor management of animal faeces and limited understanding of zoonotic pathogens from manure are common problems in Ethiopia. Animal feces have been assumed as less hazardous to human health and are neglected in the ongoing global water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) program. This study aimed to determine counts of coliform and E. coli counts from faeces, hand plates, Boot socks, and drinking water; and isolate non-typhoidal salmonella species from the above sample types with the goal of providing biological for inclusion of animal faeces management in WaSH. A crosssectional study was carried out in 2020 and 2023 in randomly selected livestock owning 106 households living in the Kilteawlaelo Health and Demographic Survey Site (HDSS). From each household cattle feces, boot sock, hand plate, and drinking water samples were collected. The mean CFU/ml of E. coli in Boot socks (307005) was higher than that of water (47427), and feacal (18757) samples. The overall mean CFU/ml of coliforms in Boot socks (228137) was higher than in feces (14735) and water (11857). Many E. coli and coliforms were also counted from the hand plate of each household. The rate of isolation of Non typhoidal Salmonella species was 25.47% (27) from the boot sock samples, 19.8 % (21) of fecal samples, 12.3% (13) of the hand plates, and 9.4 % (10) of the water samples. This study gave evidence of fecal infectious bacteria circulating between the source and various vehicles in the study area. The recommendations forwarded were; public education and support on proper WaSH intervention, further study on virulence and genetic characteristics of the bacteria, and the existing WaSH program shall be reframed to include animals as WASH intervention (Water, Animals, Sanitation, and Hygiene)
SERO-PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PPR VIRUS INFECTION IN SHEEP AND GOATS IN HARGEISA, SOMALILAND
(Mekelle University, 2024-01-21) Zamzam Ali Jama
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects goats and sheep, posing a significant threat to small ruminant production and livelihoods of communities in Somaliland. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and distribution of PPR virus infection in sheep and goats in Hargeisa, Somaliland from September to December 2023. A total of 387 blood samples, corresponding to 65 flocks comprised of 113 sheep and 274 goats, were collected using simple random sampling. The sera were tested using a competitive EnzymeLinked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA). A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data on the potential risk factors for PPRV infection. Pearson’s chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to see the association of the seroprevalence with potential risk factors. The study also examined the vaccination status from retrospective data and analyzed the questionnaire survey results. The overall apparent prevalence of PPR antibodies after adjustment for sensitivity and specificity was determined to be 30%. The study revealed significant associations between various variables and seropositivity for PPR. In the final multivariate logistic regression, species (p = 0.028), sex (p < 0.001), age group (p = 0.023), herd size (p = 0.003, presence of mixed species (p = 0.024), type of production system (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009), type of grazing system (p < 0.001), and water source (p = 0.001) all showed statistically significant associations with seropositivity. The questionnaire survey provided valuable information on the socio-economic impact of PPR infection and the approaches to its control and eradication. The findings emphasized the importance of effective animal health interventions and livestock vaccination strategies to mitigate the economic impact of PPR infection and safeguard the livelihoods of communities relying on small ruminant production. Based on the results, it can be concluded that PPR virus infection is prevalent among sheep and goats in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The study underscores the need for proactive measures to control and eradicate the disease in order to protect the small ruminant population and ensure sustainable livestock production. Recommendations include the implementation of effective vaccination programs, improvement of diagnostic techniques, and the promotion of awareness campaigns among livestock owners and stakeholders.
OCCURREN CE OF VI TAM I N E DEFI CI EN CY I N M EKELLE SM ALL H OLDER POULTRY FARM S
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-21) HAIALY HADGAY
This research study investigates the occurrence of vitamin E deficiency in smallholder poultry farms in Mekelle, Ethiopia. The study aims to understand the farming practices, demographics, and potential issues related to vitamin E deficiency in the poultry industry. A total of 1 21 farms were visited, and interviews were conducted with farm owners/managers to gather data. The findings reveal several key insights. Firstly, the distribution of farms visited by sub-city shows that Hawelti is a significant area for poultry farming, while K/Woyane has the lowest number of farms visited. Secondly, the majority of respondents had completed high school education, indicating a significant proportion of farm owners/managers with higher levels of education. Thirdly, the median monthly income from the farm was reported as 30,000 ETB, with a considerable variation among the respondents. Furthermore, farm observations identified clinical signs indicative of vitamin E deficiency, including neck twisting, uncoordinated movement, breast edema, emaciation, and stunted growth. The research findings revealed that 35.46% of the visited farms had chicks displaying clinical signs consistent with vitamin E deficiency. Based on these findings, it is recommended to enhance awareness and education about the importance of vitamin E in poultry nutrition. Training programs and workshops can be organized to educate farmers about the symptoms and consequences of vitamin E deficiency, as well as appropriate feeding practices and sources of vitamin E-rich feed. Improving access to quality feed, encouraging supplementation and monitoring, and conducting further research on nutritional diseases of poultry are also recommended. These findings provide valuable insights into the occurrence of vitamin E deficiency in smallholder poultry farms in Mekelle and serve as a basis for future interventions to improve poultry nutrition and productivity.
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC, CLINICO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CAUDAL EPIDURAL LIDOCAINE AND XYLAZINE IN MALE CATLLE CALVES IN MEKLLE, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-25) GEBREMARIAM MEBRAHTU
An experimental study was performed from Juley 2023 to February 2024 to evaluate the anesthetic, clinico-physiological, and hematological effects of lidocaine and xylazine as epidural analgesia in the local breed of male cattle calves. A total of twelve clinically healthy calves aged 7 to 10 months and weighing between 55 and 78 kg were randomly divided into three groups ( L, X, and C) comprising four animals each. Group C was assigned as a control, group L and X received 2% lidocaine (0.22mg/kg) and xylazine (0.03mg/kg) respectively. The agents were administered at the caudal epidural space (the first intercoccygeal epidural space /Co1–Co2/). Analgesia was tested using a pin-prick test on the skin of the tail, perineum, anus, and the upper parts of the hind limbs. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia were produced in all-male cattle calves treated with lidocaine and xylazine. The time of onset and duration of anesthesia was recorded. Clinicophysiological parameters were recorded at 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, and hematological parameters were also recorded at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The onset of analgesia was faster in Group L (4.25±0.65 minutes) compared with that of Group X (11.34±1.65 minutes). Epidural administration of xylazine produced a significantly longer duration of analgesia (138.50±1.29 minutes) than that produced by epidural injection lidocaine (68.75±1.71minutes). The heart rate and respiration rate nonsignificantly change in Groups L and X, whereas rectal temperature decreased significantly in those groups. The hematological parameters decreased in groups treated with lidocaine and xylazine. There were no significant changes in heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and hematological parameters in Group C. The overall observation on clinico-physiological and hematological parameters showed that both anesthesia and analgesia induced some alterations in their values but, these alterations were found temporary without any clinical significance. Moreover, lidocaine and xylazine were safely used for caudal epidural analgesia taking into account the anesthetic, clinico-physiological and, hematological parameters in male cattle calves. These findings indicate that lidocaine and xylazine are an economical and useful approach for epidural anesthesia
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ARGEMONE MEXICANA AND EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS COMBINATION AND CHENOPODIUM MURALE AND RHIZOMES OF RUMEX ABYSSINICUS COMBINATIONS WITH STANDARD ANTISEPTICS ON WOUND HEALING IN ALBINO MICE
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-25) Semon Tesfay
This experimental study was carried out at Mekelle university collage of health sciences, from August 2023 to February 2024 to evaluate and compare the wound healing activity of the crude leaf extract of medicinal plant combinations of Argemone mexicana and Eucalyptus globulus, and Chenopodium murale and Rhizomes of R. abyssinicus versus 0.2% Nitrofurazone on wound healing in albino mice. A total of 12 mice were categorized into four groups (G).Mice in G-I (negative control) were treated with simple ointment; mice in G-II were treated with 10% crud extract combination of (5% C. m + 5% R of R a.); mice in G-III were treated with Nitrofurazone 0.2% (positive control); and mice in G-IV were treated with 10% crud extract combination of (5% A. m + 5% E. g).wound healing activity was evaluated based on wound contraction/gap filled and histopathological changes. In this study 10% crud extract combination of 5% A. m + 5% E. g and 10% crud extract combination of 5% C. m + 5% R of R. a exhibited significantly increased (p<0.01) wound contraction rate, shorter epithelialization time, as well as increased collagen deposition, fibroblast proliferation and vascularization as evidenced by histopathological analysis. There was no significant differences (p>0.05) in the ability to cure wounds between 10% crud extract combination of 5% A. m + 5% E. g and 10% crud extract combination of 5% C. m + 5% R of R. a. Similarly, there was no significance difference (p>0.05) between 10% crud extracted combination of 5% C. m + 5% R of R. a and Nitrofurazone 0.2% but the rest significance (p<0.05). Except, complete wound closure was seen in the 10% crud extract combination of 5% A. m + 5% E. g and 10% crud extract combination of 5% C. m + 5% R of R. a and in the 0.2% Nitrofurazone treated groups in the 11th,13th and 15th days of the wound healing time, respectively. The findings of the present study supported the traditional use of these medicinal plants as a wound healing agent through its activity in increasing wound contraction as well as reduction in the epithelization time. However, further study is recommended to evaluate the wound healing effect based on the gab of this research, phytochemical analysis and tensile strength of Argemone mexicana, Eucalyptus globulus, Chenopodium murale and Rhizomes of r. abyssinicus at various combinations and at different solvent fractions
FORMULATION OF USEFULL LOCAL ANESTHESIA FROM DATURA STRAMONIUM USING ALBINO MICE
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-25) Mengstom G/her
An experimental study was conducted from August to February 2024 to formulate a useful local anesthesia from D. stramonium using albino mice. In this study16 adult healthy albino mice were used. After collection the plant the leaves of this plant were subjected for drying under shade of at room temperature. The dried leaves were grounded to coarse powder then, dissolved in 70% ethanol and filtered with bright man filter paper. It was subjected to drying hot oven to evaporate the solvent and the crude extract was again dissolved in sterile distilled water for anesthetic formulation. A total of 16 mice were randomly grouped into four groups to see anesthetic effect. (G-I= injected with 0.9% saline water; G-II= treated with the concentration of 5mg/ml extract of D. stramonium; G-III= treated with 7mg/ml of D. stramonium G-IV-treated with the standard drug lidocaine2%, each group containing four mice. In this study, ,Group One (Group: I), mice injected with 0.9% saline water served as negative control and mice treated with lidocaine2% served as (positive control) for comparison of the anesthetic activity of D. stramonium. Data analysis were done using SPSS version 20, and the results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Post hoc Tuckey's test. Results were presented as mean standard error of the mean, with P< 0.05 statistical significance and p>0.05 statistical insignificance. Administration of the leaf extract of D.stramoniumat concentration of 5mg/ml and 7mg/ml exhibited significantly increased (p<0.01) tail flick reaction time as compared to the mice group treated with saline water. There were no significant differences in the tail flick reaction between the concentration of 5mg/ml and 7mg/ml of the extract (p>0.05).Unlike to this there was significantly increased anesthetic activity (p<0.01) of the mice group treated with lidocaine2% compared to the other groups,. The findings of the present study use of D. stramonium leaf extract as anesthetic agent in mice is found to be positive, at a concentration of 5mg/ml and 7mg/ml. Therefore, this experiment supported the traditional use of the plant as local anesthetic agent. However, further study is recommended to evaluate the anesthetic effect of D.stramonium at various dose formulations and it should also be evaluated with different solvent fractions.
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS PREVALENCE, POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS AND ITS PUBLIC AWARENESS IN DAIRY AND HUMANS, IN AND AROUND SHIRE INDASILASE, TIGRAY, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-25) Negasi Arefayne
A cross-sectional study was carried out from December, 2018 to May, 2019 on 382 heads live cattle selected using systematic random sampling technique recruited in 109 households/farms to investigate prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) using comparative intra dermal tuberculin test (CIDT) and identifying the risk factors concomitant in cattle as well as to assess the public health awareness through questionnaires towards bovine tuberculosis in and around Shire Indasilase town, Northern Ethiopia. The overall prevalence of bovine tuberculosis animal and herd level in cattle was 39 (10.20%) and 29 (26.61%) with ≥ 4 mm at cut-off in skin thickness increase respectively. Relatively, the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis was had less likely in cattle found in Tahtay korero district (OR =10.020, 95% CI: 513-2.041) than shire Indasilase town. univarate logistic regression analysis identified associated risk factors of age, breed, body condition score, lactation and pregnancy as well as study site, herd size, farm system, management status, type of house, respiratory problem and Wild animal were statistically significant. BTB positivity was cross breed had more sensitive being BTB positivity twice (OR= 2.36, 95% CI: 1.138-4.890) than local breed. While pregnant cow had higher BTB prevalence (OR= 4.33, 95% CI: 1.461-12.857) than non-pregnant cow. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was statically significance associated with Breed, body condition, pregnancy, and lactation. The present study revealed that relatively low prevalence of a diseases in cattle and also poor awareness of the respondents on zoonotic implication of bovine tuberculosis. There should be segregation and practice of boiling of raw milk before consumption at home and awareness creation should be done for the whole society about bovine tuberculosis and its mode of transmission.
INVESTIGATING WAR AND SIEGE INFLICTED VETERINARY FACILITIES DAMAGE AND ITS ROLE ON ZOONOTIC DISEASE BURDEN IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF SOUTHERN AND SOUTHEASTERN ZONES OF TIGRAY
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-25) Smon Mulubirhan
A cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2023 to February, 2024 to assess the damage and post war functional status on veterinary facilities in selected districts of southern and southeastern zones of Tigray. During the study, 440 respondents who owned animals, six focus group discussions and twelve key informant interviews, as well as, on-site visits to twenty-two veterinary facilities were carried out during the research period. The results shed light on the circumstances, with unanimous recognition of the cessation of veterinary services during the conflict. Furthermore, heightened awareness of zoonotic diseases was noted, with 55.2% attributing their increased spread to veterinary facility destruction. Of the total veterinary facilities visited 81.8% were not functional. The remaining 9.1% and 9.1% were found to be partially and fully functional, respectively. Qualitative insights highlighted pervasive infrastructure damage, resource loss, and challenges in staff availability and expertise, impeding disease monitoring and management efforts. The targeting of veterinary facilities reflects global patterns observed in conflict zones, amplifying risks to both animal and human health. Urgent interventions are imperative to rebuild veterinary facilities, reinstate health education programs, and enhance disease surveillance. Community involvement in reconstruction efforts is crucial for context-specific interventions. Furthermore, strengthening zoonotic disease surveillance and education are essential for mitigating health risks in the conflict affected areas of southern and southeastern zones of Tigray.
onsumer preferences and perceptions of processed red meat in Mekelle City, Tigrai, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Daniel Gebregezabher
The present study was carried out to understand the consumer perception and preferences towards processed red meat. Purposive sampling method was used to select a total number of four hundred and forty (440) respondents. Data were collected by using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data which then were presented using tables in frequencies and percentages. The study group comprised of 367 males and 73 females. The educational background of respondents was found to vary between schools going to college/university degree. The study indicates that close to 94 percent respondents liked processed red meat. The weekly consumption level was the highest (75.45%) consumption pattern. Beef sausage and burger were the processed meat types consumed in the city. Consumption was affected by sensory quality (flavor, color, tenderness and juiciness) and nutrition, healthiness and safety and quality. In addition, extrinsic attributes such as reliability, attractiveness and packaging affect the consumers’ consumption. Furthermore, high price, accessibility (availability) and promotion were the main challenges for consumers where their main source of information was window display. Determination of consumer preferences and the factors affecting them had great importance as marketing tools and developing new strategies.
FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMERS’ CHOICE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS TYPE IN SENDAAFA TOWN
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Regasa Chala
All consumers' of dairy products has his/her own products type choice. Dairy product type reflect confident factor affecting beforehand buying products. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors affecting consumers ‘choice of dairy product type in Sendafa town. The predicted variables involved in this research are dairy product type price, quality safety, promotion, nutritional value and product type availability; whereas product type choice is the dependent variable. So the aim of this work was to test consumers’ consume perception for several dairy products type (Raw milk, Pasteurized milk, yoghurt, Cottage cheese and butter) to evaluate the factors affecting consumers’ choice for dairy product type in study area. Relevant literatures have been reviewed in considering the idea and to find major factors that affect consumer dairy product type. Open questionnaires were distributed to nominated sample respondents by means of structured questionnaire and talk administered by the student to 350 consumers' the Committee housing units using dairy products. The respondent be located sampled based on simple random sampling and consumer were sampled using Committee housing units as this research, single housing unit symbolized single person technique. For Data analyzing through SPSS, Descriptive and multiple regression used. The results show that consumers’ using buying of dairy products increasing significantly for Raw milk and butter strongly and moderately for cheese and yoghurt and very low for pasteurized milk. So, raw milk and butter were found to be the furthermost chosen product type among encouraged dairy product type in study area. Respondents gender, age, marital status, income level and occupation status are found to be the demographic variables affecting consumers dairy product type considerably. Independent variable found as most factor affecting consumers choice of dairy product type significantly is price. Recommendations founding on the results from the research, for dairy products processor so as to make well and knowledgeable decisions that can be used to factor affect the approach of consumers make product type choice judgment. Dairy products pricing system, standards and regulation have to be regulated. Therefore, it is recommended that the administration of town has to inspire investors both manufacturers and sellers in the dairy sector to satisfy the increasing needs of society.