College of Veterinary Sciences

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A Thesis Submitted to the College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) Kiros Abrha
Reproductive disorders significantly impact the reproductive performance and economic efficiency of dairy cows. A cross-sectional study was conducted with the objectives to investigate major reproductive disorders and their impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows, to identify the reproductive performance of dairy cows in the study area, assessing the associated risk factors and investigating the seroprevalence of brucellosis in association with reproductive disorders in Enderta district from January 2024 to December 2024. Total of 384 dairy cows, 267 cross and 117 local, were sampled from randomly selected farms. The study found that 68.23% (n=262) of dairy cows were affected by reproductive disorders, with the most prevalent disorders being retained fetal membranes 26.82%, abortion 17.71%, repeat breeding 10.68%, and anestrus 7.03%. The reproductive performance revealed that the mean age at first service were 38.82±3.43 months and 26.57±2.07 months, the mean age at first calving were 47.71±4.49 months and 35.20±6.20 months, mean calving interval were 16.02±1.76 months and 14.15±1.45 months, the mean days open were 132.11±6.83 and 118.88±3.09 days, additionally, the number of services per conception of dairy cows were 1.85±0.55 and 1.70±0.71 for local and crossbreed respectively. Bovine brucellosis was tested using the Rose Bengal Plate Test on 384 serum samples, and the results were negative for brucellosis prevalence. The study also found reproductive disorders were significantly associated with the production system, age, body condition score, hygiene, and mating system (p<0.05). Furthermore, reproductive performance was significantly poor in cows affected by the reproductive disorders compared to the normal cows. This study showed that reproductive disorders significantly affected reproductive performance of cows. Finally, improved management practices, including better heat detection, veterinary care, balanced feeding, hygiene and awareness creation for dairy owners are crucial for enhancing reproductive health and performance.
ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY STUDY ON ROOT AND LEAF EXTRACTS OF MAERUA SUBCORDATA USING RAT MODEL
(Mekelle University, 2023-11-21) Tilahun Arefe Menasibo
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that has become a significant global health care issue. The disease affects both humans and animal. The current anti-diabetic drugs' limited efficacy, serious side effects, and constrained availability problems still need to be overcome. As a result, many people prefer to use traditional treatments, and Maeruasubcordata is one of medicinal plants traditionally used to treat diabetes. To study the potential efficacy of M. subcordata as alternative therapies for the management of diabetes on rat model.25 Sprague Dawley (SD) Rats, weighing 140 g (20%) and aged 6 to 8 weeks, were used in this investigation. Five experimental groups were used. Group I (DTM): diabetic treatments with metformin (300 mg/kgbw); Group II (DTL): diabetic treatments with leaf extract (300 mg/kgbw); Group III (DLR): diabetic treatments with root extract (300 mg/kgbw); Group IV (DC): diabetic control (Diabetic, Vehicle control, DW, 10 mL/kg) (positive control); and Group V(NC): normal control (non-diabetic control). After the anti-diabetic study was performed for 28 days, fasting blood Glucose (FBG) and Body weight (BW) were measured in various groups at the specific days of (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28).Moreover, rats were ethically sacrificed, and the organs (liver, kidney, and spleen) were histopathological examined and compared to a normal control. In comparison with the control, treatment with M.subcordats leave and root extracts (300mg/kg) revealed significantly lowered fasting blood glucose (P<0.05) level. However, treatment of the extracts did not show statistically significant reduction in organ and total body weight of the rats (P>0.05). Histhopathological examination showed that M. subcordats leaf and root (300mg/kg b.w.) treated rats had mild microscopic lesions as compared to the untreated diabetic rats while these lesions were comparable to the lesions developed by the standard drug treated rats. This extract treatment revealed that there was an indication of healing processing. Metformin and the tested extracts showed no significant effect on body weight loss, but they do significantly lowered FBGL (P<0.05). Extracts may be employed as a medicinal agent in the management of DM of the hyperglycemic effect M. Subcordata may therefore be clinically helpful in the management of diabetics and in the defense of ß -cells against streptozotocin.
ASSESSEMENT OF DAIRY COWS WELFARE IN SELECTED URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AREAS OF TIGRAY REGION, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2023-11-25) Alemu Gebrekurstos
This study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the community on dairy cattle welfare in 47 purposively selected dairy farms of urban and peri-urban areas of Tigray region from March-to May, 2021. In this study, a doorto-door survey was conducted using semi-structured interview to collect primary data on various dairy cow welfare practices like feeding, housing and milking welfare keeping in mind the “Five Freedoms”. As a result, a total of 47 study participants from the different socio-demographic backgrounds were purposively selected and voluntarily filled out the semi structured questionnaire which was distributed to gather the required information from the respondents. In this tradition of the dairy cattle care, good welfare is seen largely as the absence of illness or injury and malnutrition. More recent concerns about dairy cattle welfare have focused on the pain and distress that the cattle might experience as a result of widely accepted management practices, and the possibility that the animals suffer as a result of being kept under apparently inadequate conditions. The findings show that 57.45 % (n=27) of the respondents had knowledge about animal welfare, acquired through the vet. Profession whereas 61.7% (n=29) of the respondents prefer to have free movement of animals within their premises. None of the farmers had heard of the term dairy cow welfare. However, farmers of 76.5% (n=36) of the dairy farm agreed that cows should have free access to feed and water. 4.26% (n=2) of respondents in this study did not receive formal training on animal welfare issues. It is believed that more can and should be done to ensure that a dairy cow has a life worth living. An attitude of critical dairy cattle welfare issues relates to the supply of trained, skilled dairy farmers and stockmen. In conclusion, in the urban and pre-urban areas of Tigray region the farms are imperative immediate remedial measures in order to improve the degree of cow‘s welfare
Assessment of Dairy Value Chain and Dairy Production Systems in Southern and South Eastern Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2024-07-21) Haftu Kahsay Gebrehiwot
The purpose of this study was to assess dairy value chain and dairy production systems in selected districts from Southern and South Eastern Zone of Tigray. Primary data was collected by interviewing a total of 110 dairy producers in purposively selected in Mehoni and Hintalo districts. The collected data was analyzed using application of appropriate statistical tools and simple descriptive statistics was used to present the results. Majority of the respondents stated that the family size was small sized with 2 to 5 members. About 68 of the respondents head man occupation in the study areas was dairy farming. In the study areas, most owners had 2-5, 5-7, and 7-9 dairy cows respectively. The available land was mainly used for crop and pasture production. Respondents stated that the main purpose of keeping animals was to be used as asset and the reason to start dairy farm was for household food. In the present study, majority of the respondents mentioned that support by government was the main encouragement to start dairy farming. Manual churning using clay pot was the main churning system in the study areas. As mentioned by majority of the respondents raw milk was the main dairy product produced in the area. The main feed resource in the study area was hay followed by crop residue. The main water source for dairy production was water rain catchment. Development agents were the primary source of dairy products marketing in the study areas. About 38 of the respondents stated that raw milk was the primary dairy product consumed in the study areas. Majority of the respondents (56) stated that livestock/dairy potential was the main opportunity for dairy production in the study areas. Lack of credit, poor genetic potential, animal disease and high feed cost as well as availability problem were the main constraints in the study areas. The present study suggested that establishing of dairy producers should get credit support, extension and veterinary services
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF DAIRY FARM OWNERS TOWARDS FEED BORNE AFLATOXIN IN SELECTED ZONES OF TIGRAY REGION, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-17) Smaon Tekia
Aflatoxin contamination in dairy value chains poses a critical public health and economic challenge in Ethiopia and Tigray region, where dairy farming is a vital livelihood. Despite the region’s vulnerability to food safety threats, information about aflatoxin there is insufficient documentation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of dairy farm owners towards aflatoxin. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected sites; Adigrat, Mekelle, Maychew, from November, 2024 to June 2025. Quantitative Data were collected from 362 dairy farm owners through face-toface interviews using a pretested and structured questionnaire. Moreover, four FGDs and 42 KIIs were performed to collect qualitative data. The current study revealed that the respondents had an overall poor knowledge, with 81.2% demonstrating inadequate understanding of aflatoxins. Only 34.3% of participants were aware that toxins produced in moldy animal feed can be transmitted to humans through milk consumption. Additionally, 47.8% recognized that moldy feed can affect the health of their animals. Regarding attitude, majority of respondents (82.3%) exhibited an overall unfavorable attitude towards aflatoxin, with 69.9% believed that aflatoxins present in moldy feed cannot be transferred to milk consumers. In terms of practice, higher proportion (90.3%) of the respondents showed poor practices, as only 28.5% stored their animal feed (both concentrate and roughage) in barns or sheds that are protected from excessive humidity and sunlight. Respondents from Mekelle city were 8.5 times (AOR=8.5; 95% CI: 2.830, 25.854) more likely to have good knowledge about aflatoxin compared to respondents from Maychew town and the difference was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). Moreover, respondents with age group >45 years old were 13.3 times (AOR = 13.3; 95% CI: 1.423,125.942) more likely to have good knowledge towards aflatoxin compared to respondents with the age group between 18-29 years old and the difference was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). Generally, the dairy farm owners of the study area had an overall poor knowledge, attitude and practice towards aflatoxin. Therefore, targeted education and strengthened extension services are urgently needed to improve dairy farm owners' knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards aflatoxin.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES OF THE COMMUNITY TOWARDS DOG-MEDIATED RABIES IN ENDERTA DISTRICT, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA: A MIXED METHODS APPROACH
(Mekelle University, 2024-12-25) Mebrahtu Gebreselassie
Rabies is a neglected viral zoonotic disease prevalent in the tropics that significantly impacts developing countries like Ethiopia, primarily transmitted by domestic dogs, causing severe health risks and death to both humans and animals. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices of the community towards dogmediated rabies in the Enderta district, Tigray, Ethiopia, from January 2024 to December 2024. Tabias were selected purposively, and a systematic random sampling technique was employed for the selection of sample units. Data were collected from 437 households through face-to-face interviews using a pretested and structured questionnaire. In addition to this, six focus group discussions (FGDs) and 12 key informant interviews (KIIs) were performed to collect qualitative data. The data were then analyzed using STATA statistical software version 13 for the quantitative data and thematic analysis for the qualitative data. Descriptive statistical techniques, Pearson’s chi-squares analysis, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the respondent had good knowledge (63.1%), good attitude (51.4%), and poor practice (43%). However, only 6.6% of respondents were aware of the causative agent of rabies disease. Although 88.3% of the respondents knew about vaccination as a means of rabies prevention, only 23.1% of the respondents practiced dog vaccination. Educated respondents were 8.91 times (AOR = 8.91; 95% CI: 1.070, 74.302) and 36.68 times (AOR = 36.68; 95% CI: 4.477, 300.485) more likely to have good knowledge and practices against rabies compared to respondents with non-formal education. Respondents who had dogs were 2.69 times (AOR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.703, 4.274) more likely to have a favorable attitude about rabies compared to respondents who had no dogs. Generally, these findings indicate that the Enderta district community has good knowledge and attitude and poor practice about rabies; however, there are gaps in the community’s knowledge and attitudes regarding rabies. Therefore, educational outreach should be conducted to ensure accurate knowledge and attitudes and improve practices about rabies in the study area
ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL QUALITY, AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW COW MILK ACROSS DAIRY SUPPLY CHAINS OF AGULAE TOWN, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-18) Hailay Gebretnsae Berhane
Raw cow milk is a key food source in Ethiopia, but it poses significant health risks due to microbial contamination and poor handling practices. The aim of this study was to assess the microbial and physicochemical quality of raw cow milk across milk supply chains (farms, vendors, and cafeterias) in Agulae town, Tigray. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2024 to April 2025; involving 83 raw milk samples collected using a proportional cluster sampling technique. Microbial loads (total bacterial count, total coliform count, and total yeast and mold count and physicochemical properties were analyzed using standard laboratory techniques. The results revealed a concerning escalation of bacterial contamination as milk moved through the supply chain. Total Bacterial Count increased significantly (p<0.001) from farms (6.67 log10 CFU/mL) to vendors (7.07 log10 CFU/mL) and cafeterias (7.37 log10 CFU/mL). Similarly, Total Coliform Count was significantly (p<0.001) higher in cafeterias (6.33 ± 0.31 log₁₀ CFU/mL) and vendors (6.09 ± 0.70 log₁₀ CFU/mL) than in farms (5.04 ± 0.85 log₁₀ CFU/mL). Additionally, total yeast and mold counts were also high (overall mean = 4.05±0.41 log₁₀ CFU/mL) but did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) across the milk supply chain. The overall mean (mean ± SD%) of raw cow milk physicochemical parameters, including added water content (0.19 ± 0.84%), temperature of milk (18.49 ± 3.30°C), freezing point (-0.55 ± 0.02°C), pH (7.04 ± 0.19), fat (4.17 ± 1.36%), lactose (4.70 ± 0.23%), solids-not-fat (SNF) (8.57 ± 0.41%), protein (3.15 ± 0.18%), total solids (12.75 ± 0.96%), and ash content (0.70 ± 0.03%), have no significant (p > 0.05) variations across the chains. Several risk factors linked to higher bacterial counts, including sex, educational status, marital status, types of milk supply chains, hand washing before milking, and time of milk, were identified. These findings expose critical hygiene and handling gaps, particularly at the vendor and cafeteria levels, driving substantial microbial contamination. Targeted interventions, such as hygiene milk handling training and infrastructure improvements, are strongly recommended to bolster the safety of the dairy farms and protect consumers.
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF RAW COW MILK ALONG THE DAIRY VALUE CHAIN IN MEKELLE CITY, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-06-28) Gidey Ambaye
Milk is still a staple food worldwide, and its quality is critical for its taste, technological properties, and dietary importance. However, milk's complex biochemistry, high water activity, and nutritional content make it an ideal environment for microbial growth and reproduction. The study evaluated raw cow's milk quality based on bacteriological and physicochemical composition among dairy value chain operators in Mekelle City. The study was conducted from December 2023 to June 2024, with a purposive multi-stage sampling strategy and simple random sample procedures. One hundred twenty raw milk samples (Dairy farm, 80; Vendors, 20; Cafeteria, 20) were collected. Furthermore, raw milk constraints were assessed using a questionnaire survey from sampled raw milk participants. Conventional protocols and lactoscan milk analyzer were used to test collected milk samples in the Microbiology laboratory at Mekelle University College of Veterinary Science. Collected milk samples collected from dairy value chain actors were found with an average fat, protein, lactose, SNF, freezing, point, density, and ash, 4.58±0.94%, 3.08±0.27%, 4.58±0.47%, 8.44±0.685%, -0.5395±0.05C0, 1.029±0.0029%, 0.67±0.061%, respectively. The overall bacterial and coliform counts were 1.21x107±1.4x108 and 5.2x104±2.1x105 (median ± IQR), respectively. The primary factors recorded affecting the quality of raw cow milk include limited awareness, poor hygienic standards, a shortage of clean water, inadequate cooling facilities, a lack of quality control systems, and the absence of a payment system based on quality. The study indicated lower milk microbial quality at the cafeteria followed by the vendors, than dairy producers. Therefore, the result highlights the need for a consistent monitoring system under a regulatory body
ASSESSMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND MAJOR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROBLEMS OF LOCAL AND CROSS BRED DAIRY COWS, IN AND AROUND ADIGRAT CITY, NORTHEN ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-12-25) Hareya Gebreegziaber
This study was conducted to assess reproductive performance and major reproductive health problems in cross and local bred dairy cattle in and around Adigrat city of eastern zone, Tigray Region from January 2024 to December 2024. A total of 138 dairy farm owners were randomly selected in this 384 local and cross bred dairy cows interviewed to obtain information on the reproductive performance and major reproductive problems of dairy cows. In the study area for local and cross bred dairy cows of the average age at first service, age at first calving, calving interval and number of services per conception were 39.02 ± 6.5 months, 48.81± 6.32 months, 27.09±4.73 months and 1.88±.85 times respectively. The cross bred were 25.95 ±6.5 months, 35.62±6.58 months, 16.09±5.64 months and 1.82±.91 times respectively. The reproduction performance the estimated mean of age at first service, age at first calving and calving interval for local bred cows and cross bred cows were significant statistically different (P < 0.05) among the districts of the study sites while the mean of number of service per conception for local bred cows and cross bred cows were not significant statistically different (p>0.05) among the districts of the study areas. In high prevalence in the present study area included anestrus 86 (22.40%), retained fetal membrane 35(9.11%) and repeat breeder 49 (12.76%) and whereas reproductive health problems with lower incidence rate included dystocia 13 (3.39%), uterine prolapse 4(1.04 %), and abortion 11(2.86 %).The reproductive health problems in this study showed statistical significance different (p < 0.05) with respect to breed, body condition, and mating system. However, this finding indicated that occurrence of shows no statistical insignificance different (p>0.05) compared to age, productive system, and feeding system of the dairy cattle. The prevalence of disorders more in local breed (74.42 %) than cross breed dairy cows (48.68 %). In general it is recommended that improvement in management system, appropriate timing of AI for breeding system, and balanced feeding should be corrected to minimize the incidence of reproductive performance and reproductive health problem of associated risk factors in the study area.
ASSESSMENT OF TRADITIONAL HANDLING, PRESERVATION, AND PROCESSING PRACTICES OF CAMEL MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN ABA'ALA DISTRICT, AFAR, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-17) Jabir Yasin Mohammed
Camel milk is a crucial source of nutrition and income for the residents of Aba'ala district in the Afar region of Ethiopia. Camel milk contributes to the health and livelihoods of local communities. However, the traditional methods used in handling, preserving, and processing camel milk are not well understood, leading to multiple challenges and risks that need urgent attention. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2024 to May, 2025 to assess camel milk handling, preservation, and processing practices in the study area. Quantitative data were collected from camel owners using a semi-structured, close-ended questionnaire. A total of 160 camel owned households who resided in the study district were interviewed. The findings revealed that most camel owners (52.50%) were older (above 40 years) and had limited education (57.50%)’ Most (51.88%) with small to medium herds size (1–25 camels) dominating production, primarily purpose for milk (50.63%) or mixed milk-meat purposes (46.24%). Hand milking was universally practiced (100%), but hygiene standards were poor, with only 18.75% of milkers washing hands both before and after milking. Traditional containers (82.5%) were commonly used, increasing contamination risks, while river water (60.63%) was frequently used for cleaning equipment, raising microbial concerns. Although udder washing was practiced by 88.13% of respondents, unhygienic drying methods, such as shared towels, remained problematic. For preservation, smoking (100%) was the dominant method, with plants wlike Maderto (48.75%) being preferred for their antimicrobial properties. Fermentation (71.25%) was the primary processing technique, but value-added products like cheese were rarely made (1.87%). The lack of refrigeration (only 3.74%) resulted in a short shelf life, with 75.63% of milk lasting less than one day. The study identified key constraints hindering camel production, ranking them as lack of processing technology (1st), poor storage facilities (2nd), limited market access (3rd), and inadequate training (4th). In general, this study found that there is poor hygienic practice, low knowledge, limited facility, technology and market access. Addressing these through targeted interventions could enhance productivity, safety, and profitability of camel milk production in the study area.
ASSESSMENT ON CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF RED MEAT EXPORT ABATTOIRS IN AND AROUND ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-06-28) Welay Yihdego G/medhin
Meat Exports are significant for the country’s economic growth and sustainable development because they make foreign exchange. The study's main objective was to assess and identify the challenges and opportunities of red meat export abattoirs in and around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A descriptive study that included both quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted, hence Semi-structured questionnaires were conducted with the relevant primary data from key staff members of the exporting companies, and overall, 130 respondents were selected for the study, and to analyze the data, Descriptive statistics and ranking method (Likert Scale) were used to analyze the data which then were presented using tables in frequencies and percentages. Based on the findings, results, and analysis of a study generally showed that shortage of access to necessary supply (86 %) and traceable animals (84%), lack of destination to penetrate new markets and poor performance (87%), insufficient information for over set market (74%), and inadequate distribution channel (70%), absence of national promotion (81%) and international computation (71%), and high transport and equipment cost (64%) are the major factors. Major opportunities for firms in this companies encompass ensuring production and product safety, optimizing average production costs, possessing export market knowledge, benefiting from proximity to foreign markets, and tariffs and quotas cannot challenge for red meat export development. The recommendations are the Formulation of an effective red meat export strategy, the Need for Governmental support for the implementation of a traceability system, the Devoted Promotion and Advertising Team, the Formulation of Short-term and Long-term Export Growth Policies, Establishing efficient distribution channels, Simplifying Export Sector Regulations, and Designated appropriate red meat animal transportation and slaughtering facility of red meat export abattoirs are crucial to enhancing red meat export performance in the country
Biosecurity Practices and Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella Species in Small and Medium-Scale Commercial Layer Farms in Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) Aregawi Gerekidan
Salmonellosis infections in chicken farms pose significant risks to public health and the poultry industry. In the Tigray region, there is a notable lack of molecular-based identification methods for Salmonella species in poultry and limited understanding of existing biosecurity practices. This study aimed to isolate and molecularly characterize Salmonella species while evaluating the biosecurity measures practiced on the farms. A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2023 and December 2024, involving the collection of 250 cloacal swabs from laying hens and identifying biosecurity practices across 28 purposively selected poultry farms. Salmonella species were isolated following the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO 6579- 1:2017/Amd.1:2020(E)). Out of 28 poultry farms tested using standard bacteriological culture methods, 16 (57.1%) were positive for Salmonella isolates. The overall isolation rate of Salmonella species was 34.8% (87/250). Among the analyzed risk factors, on farm waste disposal practice, sources of chicken, presence of other animals, age and flock size demonstrated a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with bacteriological rate of isolation Salmonella species. The molecular detection rate of Salmonella genus was 82.4% (42 out of 51) successfully amplified with the INVA1/2 primers. Notably, 45% of these isolates were identified as Salmonella gallinarum using MS-GA-F/R primers, while 35% were identified as Salmonella typhimurium with TYPHF/R primers. The poultry farm biosecurity parameters and practices were evaluated by a scientific risk-based scoring system based on the Biocheck. UGent™ tool (Merelbeke, Ghent University, Belgium) (https://biocheck.ugent.be/en ). The overall biosecurity score for layer farms in Mekelle is 57.86%, with the scores of 48.54% for external biosecurity and 67.11% for internal biosecurity. Adapting to evolving biosecurity challenges requires the adoption of new toolkits and strategies. It showed the biosecurity measures of these farms, especially at the external levels need to be improved. The investigation revealed a higher isolation and identification rate of Salmonella species at both the farm and sample levels. Therefore, routine flock testing, farm surveillance, implementation of Salmonella prevention and control strategies, and improvements in biosecurity practices is needed
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS PREVALENCE, POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS AND ITS PUBLIC AWARENESS IN DAIRY AND HUMANS, IN AND AROUND SHIRE INDASILASE, TIGRAY, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-25) Negasi Arefayne
A cross-sectional study was carried out from December, 2018 to May, 2019 on 382 heads live cattle selected using systematic random sampling technique recruited in 109 households/farms to investigate prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) using comparative intra dermal tuberculin test (CIDT) and identifying the risk factors concomitant in cattle as well as to assess the public health awareness through questionnaires towards bovine tuberculosis in and around Shire Indasilase town, Northern Ethiopia. The overall prevalence of bovine tuberculosis animal and herd level in cattle was 39 (10.20%) and 29 (26.61%) with ≥ 4 mm at cut-off in skin thickness increase respectively. Relatively, the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis was had less likely in cattle found in Tahtay korero district (OR =10.020, 95% CI: 513-2.041) than shire Indasilase town. univarate logistic regression analysis identified associated risk factors of age, breed, body condition score, lactation and pregnancy as well as study site, herd size, farm system, management status, type of house, respiratory problem and Wild animal were statistically significant. BTB positivity was cross breed had more sensitive being BTB positivity twice (OR= 2.36, 95% CI: 1.138-4.890) than local breed. While pregnant cow had higher BTB prevalence (OR= 4.33, 95% CI: 1.461-12.857) than non-pregnant cow. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was statically significance associated with Breed, body condition, pregnancy, and lactation. The present study revealed that relatively low prevalence of a diseases in cattle and also poor awareness of the respondents on zoonotic implication of bovine tuberculosis. There should be segregation and practice of boiling of raw milk before consumption at home and awareness creation should be done for the whole society about bovine tuberculosis and its mode of transmission.
COCCIDIOSIS IN BROILER FARMS OF MEKELLE CITY, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA: ANALYSIS OF BIOSECURITY PRACTICES, PREVALENCE, AND POSTMORTEM LESIONS
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) TESFAY GEBREWAHD
Coccidiosis, a serious parasitic disease, poses a significant threat to commercial chicken farms, leading to substantial financial and job losses for producers. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between poultry coccidiosis prevalence and biosecurity practices on commercial broiler farms. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to November 2024 assessed biosecurity levels and coccidiosis prevalence in small and medium-sized broiler farms in Mekelle city. A total of 257 fresh chicken dropping samples from broiler farms were collected and examined for Eimeria oocysts using microscopy and McMaster Technique, and biosecurity practices of 23 small and 15 medium-scale farms were measured using UGBioCheck Tool. The overall prevalence of Eimeria oocyst infections among the fecal samples were 23.74% and farm-level prevalence was 68.42 %. The analysis revealed a significant association between age and coccidiosis prevalence (p < 0.05), indicating that younger chickens (< 8 weeks) had a higher infection rate compared to older ones. The study also categorized the oocyst counts, and 70.49% of positive samples had low levels of infection (less than 10,000 oocysts per gram), while only 9.84% exhibited high levels of infection. In postmortem examinations, 55.56% of the examined cases showed gross lesions indicative of coccidiosis, with the cecum being the most affected site (38.89%). The overall, external and internal biosecurity scores were measured to be 47.26%, 44.57% and 53%, respectively. This shows that the biosecurity scores were significantly lower than global averages. Furthermore, external biosecurity score was lower than internal biosecurity score, with visitors and farm workers and disease management rated highest in external and internal biosecurity. Over 73% of the farms housed other animals, and 42.11% reported nearby water sources that could risk disease transmission. All farms followed vaccination protocols and removed dead birds daily, with around 97.37% cleaning poultry houses after each production cycle. The study found a strong correlation between low biosecurity scores and higher occurrences of coccidiosis; specifically, 57.89% of farms with poor biosecurity scores tested positive for Eimeria oocysts. The findings underscore the need for improved biosecurity practices to enhance poultry health and reduce disease prevalence within broiler farms
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ARGEMONE MEXICANA AND EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS COMBINATION AND CHENOPODIUM MURALE AND RHIZOMES OF RUMEX ABYSSINICUS COMBINATIONS WITH STANDARD ANTISEPTICS ON WOUND HEALING IN ALBINO MICE
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-25) Semon Tesfay
This experimental study was carried out at Mekelle university collage of health sciences, from August 2023 to February 2024 to evaluate and compare the wound healing activity of the crude leaf extract of medicinal plant combinations of Argemone mexicana and Eucalyptus globulus, and Chenopodium murale and Rhizomes of R. abyssinicus versus 0.2% Nitrofurazone on wound healing in albino mice. A total of 12 mice were categorized into four groups (G).Mice in G-I (negative control) were treated with simple ointment; mice in G-II were treated with 10% crud extract combination of (5% C. m + 5% R of R a.); mice in G-III were treated with Nitrofurazone 0.2% (positive control); and mice in G-IV were treated with 10% crud extract combination of (5% A. m + 5% E. g).wound healing activity was evaluated based on wound contraction/gap filled and histopathological changes. In this study 10% crud extract combination of 5% A. m + 5% E. g and 10% crud extract combination of 5% C. m + 5% R of R. a exhibited significantly increased (p<0.01) wound contraction rate, shorter epithelialization time, as well as increased collagen deposition, fibroblast proliferation and vascularization as evidenced by histopathological analysis. There was no significant differences (p>0.05) in the ability to cure wounds between 10% crud extract combination of 5% A. m + 5% E. g and 10% crud extract combination of 5% C. m + 5% R of R. a. Similarly, there was no significance difference (p>0.05) between 10% crud extracted combination of 5% C. m + 5% R of R. a and Nitrofurazone 0.2% but the rest significance (p<0.05). Except, complete wound closure was seen in the 10% crud extract combination of 5% A. m + 5% E. g and 10% crud extract combination of 5% C. m + 5% R of R. a and in the 0.2% Nitrofurazone treated groups in the 11th,13th and 15th days of the wound healing time, respectively. The findings of the present study supported the traditional use of these medicinal plants as a wound healing agent through its activity in increasing wound contraction as well as reduction in the epithelization time. However, further study is recommended to evaluate the wound healing effect based on the gab of this research, phytochemical analysis and tensile strength of Argemone mexicana, Eucalyptus globulus, Chenopodium murale and Rhizomes of r. abyssinicus at various combinations and at different solvent fractions
CONSUMER PERCEPTION AND PREFERENCE TOWARDS PROCESSED POULTRY MEAT SOLD AND CONSUMED IN BISHOFITU TOWN, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Seyoum Hagos Mawecha
As there was no scientific information and data regarding consumer’s perception and preference for processed poultry meat, this study was carried out with the objective of obtaining scientific information and data on consumer perception and preference of processed poultry meat sold and consumed in Bishofitu town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional design was used. Pretested survey questionnaire was employed to collect the data. Chicken mortadella, fried chicken and chicken burger were mostly consumed processed poultry meat products in the town. Majority (54%) of the respondents pointed out that the reason to purchase processed poultry meat was availability, followed by (33%) saving time for preparation (33%). Mass media was not an important source of information toward processed poultry meat products, but shopkeepers or retailers were the main source of information, followed by window display. Majority of the respondents (67%) bought processed poultry meat directly from supermarket being advantaged to buy other food and goods at one way saving time, and more control on the selection, preparation of processed poultry meat products. Price was the most important attribute to purchase and consume processed poultry meat products. It was found that 94% of the respondents were unaware about the nutritional labeling of the products at point of purchase, and 93% of the respondents considered the quality of the products, based on product-oriented quality, but none of respondents responded quality control. Respondents perceived that perceived cost, sensory and healthiness were first and second most expected qualities, whereas, process and convenience were the most experienced qualities. Tenderness and flavor were the first and second most important preferred sensory qualities by the respondents. Around 94%, 88% and 87% respondents were unaware toward antibiotics, microbes and animal welfares, respectively. Respondents perceived that processed poultry meat freshness was the most helpful considered attribute when assessed the safety of processed poultry meat or food products. All domestically produced processed poultry meat was packaged by processors without controlling the quality and safety. Furthermore, food service providers stored processed poultry meat in refrigerators to increase shelf life and reduce meat quality losses. Majority of the food service providers (80%) responded that, fasting seasons affected sell of processed poultry meat products slightly
COPROLOGICAL STUDY OF TREMATODE INFECTIONS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN CATTLE AND SHEEP AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRESHWATER SNAIL IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEASTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) Girmay Gebrezgi
Trematode infections are a significant cause of disease and economic losses worldwide. However, limited research has been conducted in the South and Southeastern zones of Tigray, Ethiopia, regarding the local epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and management strategies. To address this gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2023 to December 2024 to investigate the prevalence of trematode infections in cattle and sheep and the spatial distribution of freshwater snails in these areas. Simple random sampling was used to select study animals, and descriptive statistics were computed using STATA version 16. In total, 1536 fecal samples (768 from cattle and 768 from sheep) were examined, alongside snail collection. Additionally, 13 laboratory-bred mice were exposed en masse to Schistosoma cercariae for confirmation of transmission. The study revealed that the majority (60.29%, 463/768) of cattle and 53.5% (411/768) of sheep had either single or multiple trematode infections. Among cattle, 19.01% were testing positive for fasciolosis, while 20.7% exhibited mixed infections of Fasciola and Paramphistomum species. In sheep, 21.74% were positive for fasciolosis and 18.23% for mixed infections. The South zone had the highest prevalence in both cattle and sheep. Furthermore, most of the positive rates were exhibited in adult cattle with poor body condition scores while in adult sheep with medium body condition scores. Logistic regression showed a significant association between zone and bovine fasciolosis (OR = 1.76; P = 0.000), but no significant association for ovine fasciolosis. A total of 1269 snails were collected, identified as Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus truncatus, and Lymnaea natalensis. Intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis collected during the survey were found to be shedding Schistosoma cercariae. Furthermore, en masse cercariae-exposed laboratory-bred mice confirm the active transmission of schistosomiasis in the study area. The study highlights the trematode infections and the heterogeneous distribution of snails in the study area are a significant health concern for cattle and sheep, underlining the need for targeted control measures to mitigate the public health and economic impacts in the region
EFFECT OF MIDAZOLAM AND ACEPROMAZINE WITH KETAMINE COMBINATION ON CLINICO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HEMATOBIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN SHEEP IN MEKELLE, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2023-11-25) HAILAY KAHSAY
An experimental study was carried out from July to October 2023 to evaluate the effects of the general anesthetic combinations of Midazolam-Ketamine and AcepromazineKetamine on clinico-physiological and hematobiochemical parameters in sheep in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Eight sheep were used in this experimental study. The sheep were randomly divided into two groups with four sheep each (two male and two female), of which four sheep were randomly assigned to an induction regimen of MidazolamKetamine (Group MK) and the other four sheep were assigned to AcepromazineKetamine (Group AK). Physical recording and laboratory analysis were used to collect the data. The collected data included anesthetic indices, physiological, hematobiochemical, and adverse effects of the anesthetic combinations. All recorded data were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed with SPSS version 23.0. A paired t-test was used to compare the clinico-physiological and hematobiochemical measurements. The significant difference in mean values at a 95% confidence interval (CI) was assessed using an independent t-test. To pinpoint the combinations' negative impacts, the Fisher’s exact test was used. In this study, Acepromazine-Ketamine combination had a shorter sternal recumbency time (4.17 ± 0.64 min) and induction of anesthesia (7.85 ± 3.73 min). In contrast, the Midazolam-Ketamine combination had a longer induction of anesthesia (15.10 ± 4.28 min) and sternal recumbency time (5.53 ± 0.22 min). The duration of anesthesia (43.3 ± 1.12 min) and recovery period (49.89 ± 5.10 min) were longer in the Midazolam-Ketamine combination, whereas the duration of anesthesia (17.01 ± 6.27 min) and recovery period (33.61±5.92 min) was shorter in the Acepromazine-Ketamine combination. Following administration of the MidazolamKetamine combination, the respiratory rate and the heart rate increased significantly. The experiment showed that the combination of Acepromazine-Ketamine produced stable surgical anesthesia for a short duration, whereas the Midazolam-Ketamine combination was the choice of general anesthesia for a longer duration
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC, CLINICO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CAUDAL EPIDURAL LIDOCAINE AND XYLAZINE IN MALE CATLLE CALVES IN MEKLLE, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-25) GEBREMARIAM MEBRAHTU
An experimental study was performed from Juley 2023 to February 2024 to evaluate the anesthetic, clinico-physiological, and hematological effects of lidocaine and xylazine as epidural analgesia in the local breed of male cattle calves. A total of twelve clinically healthy calves aged 7 to 10 months and weighing between 55 and 78 kg were randomly divided into three groups ( L, X, and C) comprising four animals each. Group C was assigned as a control, group L and X received 2% lidocaine (0.22mg/kg) and xylazine (0.03mg/kg) respectively. The agents were administered at the caudal epidural space (the first intercoccygeal epidural space /Co1–Co2/). Analgesia was tested using a pin-prick test on the skin of the tail, perineum, anus, and the upper parts of the hind limbs. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia were produced in all-male cattle calves treated with lidocaine and xylazine. The time of onset and duration of anesthesia was recorded. Clinicophysiological parameters were recorded at 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, and hematological parameters were also recorded at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The onset of analgesia was faster in Group L (4.25±0.65 minutes) compared with that of Group X (11.34±1.65 minutes). Epidural administration of xylazine produced a significantly longer duration of analgesia (138.50±1.29 minutes) than that produced by epidural injection lidocaine (68.75±1.71minutes). The heart rate and respiration rate nonsignificantly change in Groups L and X, whereas rectal temperature decreased significantly in those groups. The hematological parameters decreased in groups treated with lidocaine and xylazine. There were no significant changes in heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and hematological parameters in Group C. The overall observation on clinico-physiological and hematological parameters showed that both anesthesia and analgesia induced some alterations in their values but, these alterations were found temporary without any clinical significance. Moreover, lidocaine and xylazine were safely used for caudal epidural analgesia taking into account the anesthetic, clinico-physiological and, hematological parameters in male cattle calves. These findings indicate that lidocaine and xylazine are an economical and useful approach for epidural anesthesia
EVALUATION OF BULL SEMEN QUALITY IN MEKELLE ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION CENTER, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-02-25) Hadish Ghidey
The study aimed to assess the quality characteristics of fresh and post-thaw semen from 10 artificial insemination (AI) bulls of different breeds (5 Holstein-Friesian, 2 Jersey, and 3 Begait) at the Mekelle Artificial Insemination Centre (MAIC). The research also compared semen quality among the breeds and evaluated the potential of the bull semen at the center. Additionally, semen samples from districts including Ganta Afeshum, Kilteawlaelo, Enderta, and Mekelle City were examined. A total of 400 semen samples were analyzed for various parameters, including volume, mass motility, individual motility, sperm concentration, normal morphology, live and dead cell counts, pH, acrosome integrity, and HOST (Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test). Semen was collected once per week from each bull using an artificial vagina and diluted with the optixcell2 extender. Statistical analyses such as one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-tests were performed using SPSS 20.0 to determine the significance levels. The results showed that the mean values of fresh semen were as follows: volume 6.8 ml, mass motility 3.4 (on a scale of 1-4), individual motility 77.5%, concentration 0.7 billion/ml, normal morphology 69%, live cells 68.2%, and pH 6.2. According to the results obtained at MAIC, there were no significant differences between breeds (p>0.05) in terms of fresh semen volume, pH, concentration, individual and mass motility, and morphology, except for live cell count. In the post-thawing evaluation, the following parameters were observed individual motility - 59.9%, normal morphology - 64.4%, total live cell count 62.3%, acrosome integrity 70.7%, and HOST 61.5%. There were significant differences between the breeds (p<0.05) in terms of individual motility, normal morphology, and live and dead cell counts. However, no significant differences were found in acrosome integrity and HOST sperm quality (p>0.05).In the field study, the post-freezing motility was recorded as 42.7%, normal morphology 50.4%, live cell count 53.7%, acrosome integrity 49.3%, and HOST 51.6±0.6%. Overall, the results indicated that the semen quality of the bulls at the center was satisfactory, except for the lower morphology results. However, the districts' results were unsatisfactory, highlighting the need for further investigation at both the center and district levels.