College of Veterinary Sciences
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Item ASSESSMENT ON CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF RED MEAT EXPORT ABATTOIRS IN AND AROUND ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2024-06-28) Welay Yihdego G/medhinMeat Exports are significant for the country’s economic growth and sustainable development because they make foreign exchange. The study's main objective was to assess and identify the challenges and opportunities of red meat export abattoirs in and around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A descriptive study that included both quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted, hence Semi-structured questionnaires were conducted with the relevant primary data from key staff members of the exporting companies, and overall, 130 respondents were selected for the study, and to analyze the data, Descriptive statistics and ranking method (Likert Scale) were used to analyze the data which then were presented using tables in frequencies and percentages. Based on the findings, results, and analysis of a study generally showed that shortage of access to necessary supply (86 %) and traceable animals (84%), lack of destination to penetrate new markets and poor performance (87%), insufficient information for over set market (74%), and inadequate distribution channel (70%), absence of national promotion (81%) and international computation (71%), and high transport and equipment cost (64%) are the major factors. Major opportunities for firms in this companies encompass ensuring production and product safety, optimizing average production costs, possessing export market knowledge, benefiting from proximity to foreign markets, and tariffs and quotas cannot challenge for red meat export development. The recommendations are the Formulation of an effective red meat export strategy, the Need for Governmental support for the implementation of a traceability system, the Devoted Promotion and Advertising Team, the Formulation of Short-term and Long-term Export Growth Policies, Establishing efficient distribution channels, Simplifying Export Sector Regulations, and Designated appropriate red meat animal transportation and slaughtering facility of red meat export abattoirs are crucial to enhancing red meat export performance in the countryItem CONSUMER PERCEPTION AND PREFERENCE TOWARDS PROCESSED POULTRY MEAT SOLD AND CONSUMED IN BISHOFITU TOWN, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Seyoum Hagos MawechaAs there was no scientific information and data regarding consumer’s perception and preference for processed poultry meat, this study was carried out with the objective of obtaining scientific information and data on consumer perception and preference of processed poultry meat sold and consumed in Bishofitu town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional design was used. Pretested survey questionnaire was employed to collect the data. Chicken mortadella, fried chicken and chicken burger were mostly consumed processed poultry meat products in the town. Majority (54%) of the respondents pointed out that the reason to purchase processed poultry meat was availability, followed by (33%) saving time for preparation (33%). Mass media was not an important source of information toward processed poultry meat products, but shopkeepers or retailers were the main source of information, followed by window display. Majority of the respondents (67%) bought processed poultry meat directly from supermarket being advantaged to buy other food and goods at one way saving time, and more control on the selection, preparation of processed poultry meat products. Price was the most important attribute to purchase and consume processed poultry meat products. It was found that 94% of the respondents were unaware about the nutritional labeling of the products at point of purchase, and 93% of the respondents considered the quality of the products, based on product-oriented quality, but none of respondents responded quality control. Respondents perceived that perceived cost, sensory and healthiness were first and second most expected qualities, whereas, process and convenience were the most experienced qualities. Tenderness and flavor were the first and second most important preferred sensory qualities by the respondents. Around 94%, 88% and 87% respondents were unaware toward antibiotics, microbes and animal welfares, respectively. Respondents perceived that processed poultry meat freshness was the most helpful considered attribute when assessed the safety of processed poultry meat or food products. All domestically produced processed poultry meat was packaged by processors without controlling the quality and safety. Furthermore, food service providers stored processed poultry meat in refrigerators to increase shelf life and reduce meat quality losses. Majority of the food service providers (80%) responded that, fasting seasons affected sell of processed poultry meat products slightlyItem onsumer preferences and perceptions of processed red meat in Mekelle City, Tigrai, Ethiopia.(Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Daniel GebregezabherThe present study was carried out to understand the consumer perception and preferences towards processed red meat. Purposive sampling method was used to select a total number of four hundred and forty (440) respondents. Data were collected by using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data which then were presented using tables in frequencies and percentages. The study group comprised of 367 males and 73 females. The educational background of respondents was found to vary between schools going to college/university degree. The study indicates that close to 94 percent respondents liked processed red meat. The weekly consumption level was the highest (75.45%) consumption pattern. Beef sausage and burger were the processed meat types consumed in the city. Consumption was affected by sensory quality (flavor, color, tenderness and juiciness) and nutrition, healthiness and safety and quality. In addition, extrinsic attributes such as reliability, attractiveness and packaging affect the consumers’ consumption. Furthermore, high price, accessibility (availability) and promotion were the main challenges for consumers where their main source of information was window display. Determination of consumer preferences and the factors affecting them had great importance as marketing tools and developing new strategies.Item HANDLING PRACTICES AND POST-HARVEST LOSSES OF RAW COW MILK PRODUCED AND MARKETED IN MEKELLE CITY, TIGRAY REGION, ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2023-11-28) Teame Ataklti GebrehiwotThe study was conducted from December 2022 to November 2023 in four selected sub-cities of Mekelle, Tigray region, Ethiopia, aimed to assess the general hygienic handling practice and post-harvest losses of raw cow milk produced and marketed in Mekelle city. A total of 160 respondents were interviewed to collect the required information from milk producers, vendors and cafeteria using a semi-structured questionnaire and observational check lists. Survey work includes hygienic milk handling practices, milk marketing channels, methods of milk quality tests, milk utilization, post-harvest losses of milk and constraints of milk production, processing and marketing. About 52.5% of the respondents were females and the rest 47.5% were males. From the total interviewed members about 33.8% were attend elementary school followed by high school(26.9%),diploma(22.5%),read and write (6.9%),degree (3.1%) and illiterates (2.5%). In the current study area, the average milk production per week was 123.09 liters/week. In the present study showed that majority of the respondents clean the barn once a day. Nearly all respondents used plastic containers for milking, storage and transportation purpose. This survey results revealed that cleaning of milk handling equipment is common in all respondents. The water source for milk producers (46.5%), vendors (100%) and cafeteria (100%) was tap water. The entire household in the study area were washed and smoked their milk containers for the purpose of improving flavor and increasing shelf life. Organoleptic and density test were the main methods of milk quality test. The weekly milk post-harvest losses for milk producers, vendors and cafeteria were 0.60%, 0.25% and 0.70% respectively. The main constraints of milk processing in the study area were lack of small scale processing equipment, low milk supply and poor milk quality. Among the milk handling practices conducted by milk vendors, sources of milk, types of milk containers and cleaning agents were significantly (p<0.05) associated with the age of the respondents.Item FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMERS’ CHOICE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS TYPE IN SENDAAFA TOWN(Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Regasa ChalaAll consumers' of dairy products has his/her own products type choice. Dairy product type reflect confident factor affecting beforehand buying products. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors affecting consumers ‘choice of dairy product type in Sendafa town. The predicted variables involved in this research are dairy product type price, quality safety, promotion, nutritional value and product type availability; whereas product type choice is the dependent variable. So the aim of this work was to test consumers’ consume perception for several dairy products type (Raw milk, Pasteurized milk, yoghurt, Cottage cheese and butter) to evaluate the factors affecting consumers’ choice for dairy product type in study area. Relevant literatures have been reviewed in considering the idea and to find major factors that affect consumer dairy product type. Open questionnaires were distributed to nominated sample respondents by means of structured questionnaire and talk administered by the student to 350 consumers' the Committee housing units using dairy products. The respondent be located sampled based on simple random sampling and consumer were sampled using Committee housing units as this research, single housing unit symbolized single person technique. For Data analyzing through SPSS, Descriptive and multiple regression used. The results show that consumers’ using buying of dairy products increasing significantly for Raw milk and butter strongly and moderately for cheese and yoghurt and very low for pasteurized milk. So, raw milk and butter were found to be the furthermost chosen product type among encouraged dairy product type in study area. Respondents gender, age, marital status, income level and occupation status are found to be the demographic variables affecting consumers dairy product type considerably. Independent variable found as most factor affecting consumers choice of dairy product type significantly is price. Recommendations founding on the results from the research, for dairy products processor so as to make well and knowledgeable decisions that can be used to factor affect the approach of consumers make product type choice judgment. Dairy products pricing system, standards and regulation have to be regulated. Therefore, it is recommended that the administration of town has to inspire investors both manufacturers and sellers in the dairy sector to satisfy the increasing needs of society.Item Assessment of Dairy Value Chain and Dairy Production Systems in Southern and South Eastern Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia(Mekelle University, 2024-07-21) Haftu Kahsay GebrehiwotThe purpose of this study was to assess dairy value chain and dairy production systems in selected districts from Southern and South Eastern Zone of Tigray. Primary data was collected by interviewing a total of 110 dairy producers in purposively selected in Mehoni and Hintalo districts. The collected data was analyzed using application of appropriate statistical tools and simple descriptive statistics was used to present the results. Majority of the respondents stated that the family size was small sized with 2 to 5 members. About 68 of the respondents head man occupation in the study areas was dairy farming. In the study areas, most owners had 2-5, 5-7, and 7-9 dairy cows respectively. The available land was mainly used for crop and pasture production. Respondents stated that the main purpose of keeping animals was to be used as asset and the reason to start dairy farm was for household food. In the present study, majority of the respondents mentioned that support by government was the main encouragement to start dairy farming. Manual churning using clay pot was the main churning system in the study areas. As mentioned by majority of the respondents raw milk was the main dairy product produced in the area. The main feed resource in the study area was hay followed by crop residue. The main water source for dairy production was water rain catchment. Development agents were the primary source of dairy products marketing in the study areas. About 38 of the respondents stated that raw milk was the primary dairy product consumed in the study areas. Majority of the respondents (56) stated that livestock/dairy potential was the main opportunity for dairy production in the study areas. Lack of credit, poor genetic potential, animal disease and high feed cost as well as availability problem were the main constraints in the study areas. The present study suggested that establishing of dairy producers should get credit support, extension and veterinary servicesItem ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF RAW COW MILK ALONG THE DAIRY VALUE CHAIN IN MEKELLE CITY, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2024-06-28) Gidey AmbayeMilk is still a staple food worldwide, and its quality is critical for its taste, technological properties, and dietary importance. However, milk's complex biochemistry, high water activity, and nutritional content make it an ideal environment for microbial growth and reproduction. The study evaluated raw cow's milk quality based on bacteriological and physicochemical composition among dairy value chain operators in Mekelle City. The study was conducted from December 2023 to June 2024, with a purposive multi-stage sampling strategy and simple random sample procedures. One hundred twenty raw milk samples (Dairy farm, 80; Vendors, 20; Cafeteria, 20) were collected. Furthermore, raw milk constraints were assessed using a questionnaire survey from sampled raw milk participants. Conventional protocols and lactoscan milk analyzer were used to test collected milk samples in the Microbiology laboratory at Mekelle University College of Veterinary Science. Collected milk samples collected from dairy value chain actors were found with an average fat, protein, lactose, SNF, freezing, point, density, and ash, 4.58±0.94%, 3.08±0.27%, 4.58±0.47%, 8.44±0.685%, -0.5395±0.05C0, 1.029±0.0029%, 0.67±0.061%, respectively. The overall bacterial and coliform counts were 1.21x107±1.4x108 and 5.2x104±2.1x105 (median ± IQR), respectively. The primary factors recorded affecting the quality of raw cow milk include limited awareness, poor hygienic standards, a shortage of clean water, inadequate cooling facilities, a lack of quality control systems, and the absence of a payment system based on quality. The study indicated lower milk microbial quality at the cafeteria followed by the vendors, than dairy producers. Therefore, the result highlights the need for a consistent monitoring system under a regulatory bodyItem PREVALENCE, CYST VIABILITY AND FINANCIAL LOSS OF HYDATIDOSIS IN CATTLE SLAUGHTERED AT MAICHEW MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR, TIGRAY REGION, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2023-10-25) Yohannes TeameHydatidosis is one of the neglected parasitic diseases with both public health and economic importance worldwide. In Ethiopia it is one of the major parasitic diseases responsible for low productivity of livestock industry through imposing poor weight gains and condemnation of organs. Even though, the disease is well documented throughout the country, its current prevalence and economic impact was not known in cattle slaughtered at Maichew municipality abattoir. To fill the gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2021 to Oct 2023 to estimate the prevalence, cyst characterization and economic importance of bovine hydatid cyst in the Maichew municipal abattoir. To achieve these objectives, routine meat inspection, hydatid cyst count and characterization were performed. In the current study, out of 384 heads of cattle slaughtered and examined in the abattoir; 11.98% (46/384) were harboring hydatid cyst in the major vital organs of the host as follows: lungs, 46.2% (21/46) and liver, 41.8% (18/46). In the current study, these two organs were the most affected once. In addition, out of the total of 117 cysts examined for the fertility test, 46.2 % (54/117), 31.6% (37/117), and 22.2% (26/117) were found to be fertile, sterile, and calcified cysts, respectively. Furthermore, of the total 54 fertile cysts tested for viability, 63% (34/54) were viable and 37% (20/54) were non-viable cysts and the difference in prevalence among animals of different body condition score was statistically significant (P< 0.05). The prevalence was highest in poor body condition than medium and good body condition scores. This might be due to either the impact of the parasites in body condition losses or animal with poor body condition are less resistance to limit the development of the cyst in the vital organs. Lastly, this study revealed that the total annual economic loss due to bovine hydatidosis in Maichew municipal abattoir was estimated to be 461,164.96 ETB (13,974.7US$). The results of this study indicated that hydatidosis pose significant economic impact by causing condemnation of considerable numbers of organs, rendering them unfit for market. Therefore, initiation and implementation of control measures are very important in order to alleviate its economic impact as well as zoonotic risks to the humanItem ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY STUDY ON ROOT AND LEAF EXTRACTS OF MAERUA SUBCORDATA USING RAT MODEL(Mekelle University, 2023-11-21) Tilahun Arefe MenasiboDiabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that has become a significant global health care issue. The disease affects both humans and animal. The current anti-diabetic drugs' limited efficacy, serious side effects, and constrained availability problems still need to be overcome. As a result, many people prefer to use traditional treatments, and Maeruasubcordata is one of medicinal plants traditionally used to treat diabetes. To study the potential efficacy of M. subcordata as alternative therapies for the management of diabetes on rat model.25 Sprague Dawley (SD) Rats, weighing 140 g (20%) and aged 6 to 8 weeks, were used in this investigation. Five experimental groups were used. Group I (DTM): diabetic treatments with metformin (300 mg/kgbw); Group II (DTL): diabetic treatments with leaf extract (300 mg/kgbw); Group III (DLR): diabetic treatments with root extract (300 mg/kgbw); Group IV (DC): diabetic control (Diabetic, Vehicle control, DW, 10 mL/kg) (positive control); and Group V(NC): normal control (non-diabetic control). After the anti-diabetic study was performed for 28 days, fasting blood Glucose (FBG) and Body weight (BW) were measured in various groups at the specific days of (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28).Moreover, rats were ethically sacrificed, and the organs (liver, kidney, and spleen) were histopathological examined and compared to a normal control. In comparison with the control, treatment with M.subcordats leave and root extracts (300mg/kg) revealed significantly lowered fasting blood glucose (P<0.05) level. However, treatment of the extracts did not show statistically significant reduction in organ and total body weight of the rats (P>0.05). Histhopathological examination showed that M. subcordats leaf and root (300mg/kg b.w.) treated rats had mild microscopic lesions as compared to the untreated diabetic rats while these lesions were comparable to the lesions developed by the standard drug treated rats. This extract treatment revealed that there was an indication of healing processing. Metformin and the tested extracts showed no significant effect on body weight loss, but they do significantly lowered FBGL (P<0.05). Extracts may be employed as a medicinal agent in the management of DM of the hyperglycemic effect M. Subcordata may therefore be clinically helpful in the management of diabetics and in the defense of ß -cells against streptozotocin.Item ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF PASTEURELLA AND MANNHEMIA FROM PNEUMONIC PASTEURELLOSIS SUSPECTED SHEEP AND GOATS IN BISHOFTU TOWN AND THE SURROUNDING RURAL KEBELES OF ADA’A DISTRICT, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2024-02-28) Tesfaye Bekele KassaRespiratory diseases are a major concern for sheep and goats in Ethiopia, particularly in the highland areas where they are reared widely. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2021 to isolate and molecularly confirm Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from pneumonic pasteurellosis suspected sheep and goats in Bishoftu Town and the surrounding Rural Kebeles of Ada’a Districts of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. A purposive sampling method was applied to select study animals from those brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture of Addis Ababa University for clinical treatments. Nasal swabs from shoat with suspected pneumonic pasteurellosis were collected and the target bacteria were isolated and identified through standard bacteriological methods using phenotypic features and biochemical tests. Molecular confirmation of isolates was performed through amplification of virulence-associated genes, PHSSA (Pasteurella haemolytica serotypespecific antigen) and Rpt2, of Mannheimia haemolytica and universal gene, KMT1 of Pasteurella multocida using conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (cPCR). Consequently, from 56 animals (43 sheep and 13 goats), 29 (51.7%), (25 sheep and 4 goats) presumptive isolates of M. hemolytica, and 11 (19.6%) P. multocida were recovered. Out of this, five isolates were positive for either of the two virulence genes of M. haemolytica (Rpt2=four; PHSSA=one) using PCR, but no isolate was confirmed for its universal gene from P. multocida presumptive isolates. From the PCR-positive animals (n=5), four were sheep and one was a goat. The study found that M. haemolytica is a significant bacteria associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats in the area, highlighting the need for a vaccine targeting these bacteria or its antigens. However, other contributing factors like viral and parasitic agents should also be considered. Further research to identify and characterize these agents in diverse geographical areas and the development of polyvalent respiratory disease vaccines are recommended to address the issue at both the local and national levels