Department of Management

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.mu.edu.et/handle/123456789/256

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 41

ANALYSIS OF TRENDS, OPPORTUNITIES, and CHALLENGES OF TIGRAY SESAME EXPORT MARKET (THE CASE OF -TAHTAY-ADYABO WEREDA)
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-25) Kidu Tafere Asgedom
This study aimed to analyze the trends, opportunities, and challenges of the Tigray sesame export market in Tahtay-Adiyabo wereda by employing a mixed-methods approach and a cross-sectional survey design, using a census of the entire target population of 24 sesame market actors—including local traders, exporters, Tekeze Union, and the temporary market center—supplemented with focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Findings reveal that sesame marketing in Tigray is highly seasonal, with peak trading in September and complete inactivity from February to August; smallholder farmers supply about 95% of traded sesame, indicating heavy reliance on fragmented production systems. The study further shows that the war severely disrupted the sesame export market through the destruction of roads, warehouses, and stored commodities, causing total cessation of export activities between 2020/21 and 2023/24 and leading to a sharp decline in foreign exchange earnings. Despite this, the sector retains substantial opportunities stemming from high global demand, favorable agro-ecology, the premium quality of Humera-type sesame, and proximity to international markets; however, its performance remains constrained by conflict-related damage, limited finance, weak institutional coordination, transport shortages during peak months, price volatility, inadequate storage infrastructure, and lack of timely market information. Based on these findings, the study recommends first strengthening post-war institutional coordination, infrastructure rehabilitation, and financial support systems to restore export functionality and, second, improving market information flow and storage/transport systems to stabilize prices and enhance the competitiveness of Tigray’s sesame in international markets
ASSESMENET OF DRY PORT PERFORMANACE: - (The Case of Mekelle Dry Port)
(Mekelle University, 2025-11-25) Assefa Tesfay Gidey
The main purpose of the study is to assess the performance of the Mekelle dry port based on customer perspectives using indicators such as customs clearance, infrastructure and equipment, service providing, handling efficiency and incidents, delays and waiting times. The study also aims to identifying the key opportunity and challenges hindering dry port performance and what should be done to improve and eliminate the problems that affect the performance of the dry port. A descriptive research design was employed to explain the performance variables. Both closed and open-ended questionnaires were designed and distributed to respondents using a convenience sampling technique to select Mekelle Dry Port customers. A total of 248 questionnaires were distributed to the Mekelle dry port proportionally, and 237 questionnaires were returned, while 11 questionnaires were not returned. Therefore, 237 responses were used for data analysis. The result of the descriptive analysis of the responses of customers of the Mekelle dry port shows that among the five Indicators of Mekelle dry port performance measurement, Infrastructure and Equipment has the lowest mean value of 2.35, followed by Handling Efficiency with a mean value of 2.62. The remaining three indicators, namely service provided, Incidents, Delay and Waiting time has a mean value of 3.11 and custom clearance, had mean values of 3.02, 3.11, and 3.44, respectively. The study results revealed that a significant number of variables showed discrepancies, indicating that the overall performance of the dry port was far below its customers’ expectations. Thus, customers of the Mekelle dry port were less satisfied with its services. Consequently, the overall dry port performance was below average. The discontent for infrastructure and equipment is the highest score that calls for immediate action by the Mekelle dry port management because the improvement in this indicator significantly changes the customer’s satisfaction and improves its performance as well. Therefore, the Mekelle dry port should invest more in infrastructure and equipment. Second, it is 10 important to invest in incident, delay, and waiting time to avoid unnecessary wastages and extra costs. By doing so, the Mekelle dry port could have sustained competitive advantages as the human aspect of an organization is not easily imitated by competitors.
Assessing Project Monitoring and Evaluation Practices in Chinese Road Construction Companies Operating in Ethiopia:
(Mekelle University, 2025-12-28) Li Yan
This study investigates the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) practices of Chinese road construction companies operating in Ethiopia. With Chinese contractors playing a central role in the country’s road infrastructure development under initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative, effective M&E is crucial for ensuring project quality, timely completion, and resource efficiency. The research focuses on understanding the frameworks, methodologies, challenges, and impacts of M&E within these cross-cultural and resource-constrained contexts. Data were collected through 15 structured questionnaires administered to project managers, engineers, and M&E specialists, alongside five in-depth interviews with key informants, including senior project leaders and government officials. The analysis revealed that while formal M&E systems exist, their implementation is often inconsistent, and technological adoption is limited. Progress reports and site inspections dominate current practices, whereas digital tools for real-time monitoring remain underutilized. Several challenges affect M&E effectiveness, including resource constraints, limited skilled personnel, cultural and communication barriers, and political and administrative complexities. These challenges result in delayed reporting, reduced data accuracy, and diminished integration of M&E findings into strategic decision-making. Despite these issues, effective M&E contributes positively to operational decisions, risk mitigation, quality control, and accountability on project sites. The study recommends increased investment in digital monitoring tools and associated training, strengthened stakeholder engagement, development of sector-specific M&E frameworks aligned with local contexts, institutionalized capacity-building initiatives, and supportive policy interventions by Ethiopian authorities. Implementing these measures is expected to enhance the effectiveness of M&E systems, improve project outcomes, and foster sustainable development in Ethiopia’s road construction sector.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF EARLY MARRIAGE ON GIRLS’EDUCATION IN AFAR REGIONAL STATE: THE CASE OF BERHLE WOREDA
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-25) ADLIBARAALIIBRAHIM
Early marriage significantly hinders educational opportunities for girls which increase the phenomenon of girls‟ school dropout. Hence, a descriptive and explanatory study method was adopted to examine the impact of early marriage on girls‟ education in Berahle Woreda. Mixed both (qualitative and quantitative) research approach was employed. The required primary data were gathered through survey and in-depth interview, while the supplementary secondary data were collected using document analysis. A stratified purposive and random sampling technique was implemented to select 269 primary school age girls Berhale Woreda. Binary and Multivariate logistic regression model was utilized to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios for the dependent variables (early marriage and school dropout), while the qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Out of 269 distributed questionnaires, 248 filled questionnaires were collected by the researcher at a response rate of (92.2%). The prevalence rates of early marriage and school dropout were 75.8% and 64.5%, respectively. The odds ratio of the association between early marriage and school dropout was 0.051[0.02-0.10], signifies that school dropout is 94.9% higher among early married girls than unmarried. However, after adjusting confounding variables, the probability of school dropout was estimated to be 84.4% higher among early married girls as compared to unmarried peers [AOR= 0.152; 95% CI: 0.049- 0.473]. The empirical multivariate analysis shows that religion, wealth index and residence were found to be significant predictors for both outcomes (early marriage and school dropout) and in contrast, religion, husband/household head education, husband or head occupation, wealth index, place of residence, ethnicity, and decision to marry were significant predictors for early marriage, while early marriage, religion, place of residence and wealth index were significant predictors for school dropout. Hence, the study concluded that early marriage is the most significant factor that increases the rate of girls‟ school dropout girls. Therefore, stakeholdersand policymakers must prioritize hotspots, socio-economic, and demographic factors to achieve a meaningful reduction in the incidence of early marriage and school dropout.
Assessment of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices: The Case of Mesebo Cement Factory, Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-25) Rigbe Abrha Desta
At present, corporate social responsibility is growing in importance in business practices. It is a business model that encourages businesses to operate in ways that enhance society and the environment while still being accountable to their stakeholders and the public. As a consequence of fast-growing socio-economic and political development and awareness, communities increasingly demand corporate accountability. The search for answers to these questions led to the development of the concept of corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility can be defined as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. This study assessed the extent and dimensions of CSR practices at Mesebo Cement Factory and their alignment with Carroll’s CSR framework. Corporate social responsibility contains four components/domains that were developed by Carroll in the form of pyramid these include: legal, ethical, economic, and philanthropic domains. The study used corporate social responsibility model adopted after detailed review of theories and empirical studies. The research design is mainly descriptive survey. Data for each of the major four domains were collected through sets of questions asked to respondents to rank their perception. To enhance the credibility of the data collected triangulation method of research approach is applied. The Sample survey was conducted with 200 respondents applying probability sampling design and simple random technique from both internal (122 employee respondents) and external (78 respondents) from nearby community members. The survey was also accompanied by an interview with key informants and in-depth interview as well as document analysis. Finally, the data gathered through a questionnaire from the survey were analyzed through mean scores, frequencies, percentages, and ranking using SPSS software version 20. The descriptive statistics results were presented in the form of Tables and figures. The finding of the study shows that the company mainly works on good employees handling, the economic domain of corporate social responsibility and from the philanthropic aspect it participates in sport and it supports in education buildings, indicating that the company works within the legal framework. However, majority of the results indicate that the company is not working on environmental protection, health care, infrastructure, and ethical aspects of corporate social responsibility. The results imply that the management of Mesobo Cement Factory need to comply with and further implement Corporate Social Responsibility strategy alignment, stakeholder communication and activities that ensure corporate sustainability. From the findings, the study gives a general remark that corporate social responsibility is not well practiced by the Company. Therefore, the major findings suggest that such organizations need to understand and consider the advantages of engaging in corporate social responsibility for their growth on sustainable basis.
ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES /MSEs/: THE CASE OF MEKELLE CITY ADMINISTRATION, TIGRAY
(Mekelle University, 2025-11-25) Gergs Tesfanchial Teklehaymanot
This study assesses the key factors influencing the performance of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Mekelle City Administration, Tigray, Ethiopia, recognizing their critical role in economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction, particularly in developing economies. The primary objective was to identify and analyze the impact of financial factors, infrastructural challenges, and institutional coordination problems on MSE performance. Employing a quantitative research design, the study collected primary data through structured questionnaires distributed to 394 MSE owners selected via stratified and simple random sampling techniques from a population of 25,559, achieving a 90.1% response rate. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and multiple regression analyses via SPSS version 22.The study revealed that financial factors, such as high collateral requirements (mean=4.52) and complicated loan procedures (mean=4.55), were the most significant barriers to MSE performance, followed by severe infrastructural deficits such as inadequate water supply (mean=1.22) and unaffordable electricity (mean=1.30). Institutional coordination issues, including weak inter-organizational relationships (mean=1.65) and ineffective communication (mean=1.75), further constrained performance.Regression analysis indicated that these factors collectively explain 66% of the variance in MSE performance, with financial (β=0.325) and infrastructural factors (β=0.314) being the most influential. The study concludes that limited access to finance, poor infrastructure, and weak institutional coordination significantly hinder MSE growth. It is recommended that financial institutions and government bodies simplify loan processes, reduce collateral demands, increase funding, improve utility services and infrastructure, and enhance inter-institutional coordination and governance to foster a more supportive environment for MSE development and economic contribution.
ASSESSMENT OF FOOD INSECURITY AND ITS DETEMNANTS IN ENDERTA DISTRICT, SOUTH EASTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY REGION, ETHIOPEA
(Mekelle University, 2025-03-25) GEBREGIORGIS WELDU KAHSAY
This study was initiated to assess the status of food insecurity and its determinants among rural households in Enderta district, south eastern zone of Tigray region, which is one of the droughtprone area. The main objective of the study was to assess the status of food insecurity and identify factors influencing food insecurity in the study area. Data for this study was obtained by crosssectional design whereby random sampling was used to select 120 respondents from the study area. Focus group discussion and key informant interview were conducted and a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used to collect data for this study. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to obtain variability among variables. From the study, households self-report result shows that about 81.7 percent of the households were food insecure and 18.3 were food secure. Households with large family size, non-educated and old household heads were more likely to be food insecure than those with smaller family size, educated and young household heads. Similarly, factors like low land size, not livestock and not using farm input by the households, Unreliable rains, Limited use of modern technology and Poor soils were positively and significantly associated with food insecurity. Policy interventions aimed to change food security situation in the study area need to be diversified by focusing on enhancing family planning programs, promoting access to basic education to rural households and to motivate extension service providers as well as farmers to be insisted to utilize the services effectively and efficiently.
Assessment of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction: (A Case Study of Mekelle Alula Aba-Nega International Airport)
(Mekelle University, 2025-09-25) Helen Berhane
Customer satisfaction has become one of the primary concerns in the aviation industry worldwide, largely due to the intense competition in the sector. Airports are striving to deliver high-quality services to retain existing passengers and attract new ones. The main objective of this research was to assess airport service quality and customer satisfaction using the SERVQUAL model, which evaluates five key dimensions: Tangibles, Reliability, Assurance, Responsiveness, and Empathy. This study focused passengers on the terminal at Mekelle Alula Aba-Nega International Airport, one of the busiest airports in Ethiopia and a key hub for domestic air travel. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire administered using a non-probability sampling technique. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed to passengers at the airport, and 110 valid responses were obtained for analysis. The findings revealed that passenger’s high level of Expectations: Reliability, Tangibility, Assurance, Responsiveness and high level of Perception: Reliability, Assurances and Empathy consecutive with the five SERVQUAL dimensions—Reliability, Assurance, Responsiveness, and Empathy. However, they expressed dissatisfaction with the Tangibles dimension, and which includes the physical facilities, equipment, and appearance of personnel. This result serves as a warning to the Ethiopian Airports to place greater emphasis on aligning service delivery with passengers’ expectations and perceptions. To address the dissatisfaction in the Tangibles dimension, it is recommended that airport management take concrete actions such as: training terminal shop owners in customer service, enhancing Wi-Fi speed and coverage throughout the terminal, offering high-quality and affordable food options, to improve daily of passengers Baggage’s to deliver on time and revising the airport’s infrastructure to improve passenger comfort. Furthermore, it is essential for airport managers to conduct seasonal evaluations of passenger satisfaction and service quality to ensure services remain aligned with customer expectations.
Assessment of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction: A Case Study of Ethiopian customs Commission, Mekelle Branch office
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-25) Tewodros Huluf Tesfay
This study investigates the assessment of service quality and its impact on customer satisfaction at the Ethiopian Customs Commission, Mekelle Branch office. Using the widely recognized SERVQUAL model, the research evaluates five service quality dimensions— tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy—and their relationship to customers' satisfaction levels. Employing a quantitative descriptive research design, data were collected through structured self-administered questionnaires from 78 customers including importers, exporters, and customs agents. The analysis incorporated descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression to test the hypotheses concerning the effects of service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction. Results indicate notable gaps in service quality particularly in tangibility and responsiveness, which affect overall customer satisfaction. The study highlights the necessity for the branch office to enhance physical facilities, staff competence, and customer-centric responsiveness to improve satisfaction levels. Findings contribute valuable insights for public service improvement in customs operations and provide a foundation for future research on service quality enhancement in similar public sectors. The study recommends improving physical facilities, staff competence, and responsiveness to enhance customer satisfaction, contributing insights for public service improvements in customs operations.
ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICIES IN MEKELLE CITY, THE CASE OF KEDAMAY WEYANE DISTRICT
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-25) SAMRAWIT BIRHANU
Municipal solid waste causes substantial harm to the environment and human health if mismanaged. With a rapidly expanding human population and growing trend of urbanization, problems related to the management of municipal solid waste have become of considerable importance in Ethiopia from both environment and human safety. This urges for better understanding of the existing practices and problems of solid waste management in emerging towns of Ethiopia. This study therefore assessed the existing solid waste management practices and problems in Mekelle city. Samples were selected using probabilistic and non- probabilistic techniques. The primary data were collected via questionnaires, interview, and field observations. Whereas the secondary data were extracted from different published and unpublished materials. A total of 95 respondents were used in the study. The findings of the study revealed that the main types of solid wast in Mekelle are peels of vegetables, ash and dust, plastic, paper and cardboard, leaf and the physical composition of MSW in the city is composed from both biodegradable and non-degradable components, the current SWM practice of City is weak and also there is a problem on solid waste reduction strategy: separation, reuse, recycle, and resource recovery. According to the results different main factors that aggravate the existing poor status of SWM practice in the city. These are: socio-cultural, technical and institutional factors. To alleviate the problems the study suggests that, the current study showed that the solid waste production rate of Mekelle city at the household level is 8,380.869 kg/day, 58,666kg/weak, 251,426kg/month and 3,0590,28.5 kg/year with 41,696 population of Mekelle city. The per capital solid waste generation rate is 0.201kg/cap/day/25 households. The study employed binary logistic regression model to identify the factors that determine households decision to practice solid waste management in the study revealed that family size, education status, households perception towards SWM, and distance were the main factors that determine households decision to practice solid waste management in the study area. Poor municipal solid waste management is practiced in the town. Therefore, it is recommended that the municipal should develop good infrastructure, and prepare appropriate disposal sites where solid wastes can be disposed. Awareness raising among the inhabitants and also organizing the youth groups in small and micro enterprises in solid waste management activities is found to be important. Normal monitoring of the functionality of the system is also essential
Assessment of the Contribution of Community Savings and Credit Associations to the Livelihood of Vulnerable Households in Mekelle City, Tigray Regional State
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-25) Girmay Tesfay Endashaw
The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of community savings and credit associations (CSCA) to the livelihoods of vulnerable households. These associations were established through modalities of NGOs focused on livelihood and economic strengthening programs. The research was conducted in Ayder and Semen sub-cities of Mekelle, located in the Tigray National Regional State. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used to evaluate the impact of CSCA on the livelihoods of these households, and the study adopted a descriptive approach. Data were collected from 253 respondents using simple systematic and purposive sampling methods through questionnaires and interview guides as data collection tools. The collected data were analyzed descriptively with the help of SPSS software, and the findings were presented in both tabular and narrative formats. The study revealed that CSCA enabled economically vulnerable households to increase their savings and access loans, thereby improving their income and resilience. CSCA also served as a community platform where members became more actively engaged in social and economic issues. These associations contributed to developing members' knowledge, facilitated decision-making within families, and encouraged participation in local structures. Additionally, the study identified basic services provided by the government and evaluated their effectiveness in supporting business activities. It highlighted the need for formal saving and credit associations under formal and legal frameworks for CSCA members. In conclusion, livelihood improvements among CSCA members included increased capacity to afford education, food, housing, clothing, and social capital. It is recommended that the CSCA model be expanded to other vulnerable areas with ongoing support and follow-up from the government and nongovernmental organizations.
Assessment on the Practices and Challenges of Humanitarian Supply Chain Management in the case of International Rescue Committee Ethiopia (IRC)
(Mekelle University, 2020-07-25) Rigat Gebretinsae
The effectiveness of humanitarian supply chains is critical for ensuring the timely and equitable delivery of aid to populations affected by crises. This study examines the practices and challenges of supply chain management within the International Rescue Committee (IRC) Ethiopia, focusing on procurement planning, inventory utilization, warehousing, and distribution. Primary and secondary data were collected through structured interviews, observations, and reviews of organizational reports and standard operating procedures, with analysis conducted using SPSS. Key findings reveal significant issues in procurement planning, including inaccuracies in specifications, pricing, and delivery timelines, which lead to unutilized inventory and reduced supply chain efficiency. Although the IRC demonstrates strong practices in warehousing and distribution, these are often dependent on timely inputs from program teams. Additionally, while inventory utilization is generally effective, leftover stock at the end of projects highlights areas for improvement. The study recommends enhancing procurement planning processes, implementing accountability tools, optimizing inventory utilization, strengthening coordination between warehousing and program teams, increasing senior management oversight, and investing in technology to improve forecasting and inventory management. By addressing these challenges, the IRC can further enhance its supply chain efficiency, ensuring resources are used effectively to support its humanitarian mission. This research contributes to the field by offering evidence-based recommendations for improving the resilience and performance of humanitarian supply chains, particularly in resource-constrained environments like Ethiopia.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF E-BANKING SYSTEM IN COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA (CBE MAIN DISTRICT OFFICE ) IN MEKELLE CITY
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-25) GEBREMEDHIN TAKELE
The aim of this research was to investigate the challenges and opportunities of electronic banking users in the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia in Mekelle city at the main district office. The Researcher used 180 samples of e-banking users that were conveniently found around the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, Mekelle main district office. The researcher employed a questionnaire instrument of data collection to analyze the opinions of electronic banking users regarding the challenges and opportunities of electronic banking. The researchers findings, the opportunities and benefits were increasing habit of customers to use e-banking, governments role on by establishment of directive and guideline of e-banking like limiting cash withdrawal and commitment and expansion of ICT infrastructure, denial of unauthorized access,provision of speed and convenient service were among the main opportunities of electronic banking. and also, beyond the opportunities electronic banking play important role on customers by better provision of service at low cost,low transaction error and mistakes, provision of bank service with minimum cycle time, safe, facilitate e purchasing, satisfy customers with speed of service, updating account.in addition to the above challenges of e banking was lack of reliable power and weak internet penetration, fear of security , lacks of trust of by customer ,fraud and scamming, lack of legal frame of e-banking to resolve dispute, poor inter banking network connectivity, providing weak and suspect able password to users, outdated software application was among the challenges of e-banking. Hence, the research found the above-listed opportunities and challenges. The researcher recommends as following: Create awareness on customers that e-banking is easy to use, fast and convenient, so as to avoid the fear and worry of customers. the bank should build strong e-banking network connectivity to provide fast, reliable and convenient e-banking service to customers. Monitor and track the online-banking system to protect unauthorized access of scammers and to avoid/reduce financial fraud and update new information to customers via social media, SMS or main stream media channels to aware, Provide strong PIN and pass word to users that is not vulnerable and easily suspect able or teach to user to change their password with strong code and not to show to anyone. The bank uses blockchain security protection tools such as biometric authentication methods, facial recognition, and fraud detection to meet regulatory framework, strengthen cyber security defence, and build lasting trust with customers.
Challenges and Opportunities of Honey Market in Tigray: In the Case of Kilte Awlaelo Woreda
(Mekelle University, 2024-01-25) Yukum G/Michael Desta
The honey market in Kilte Awlaelo Woreda, Tigray, presents both significant challenges and promising opportunities for local beekeepers. This study assesses the current status of the market, identifies key barriers to its development, and explores potential avenues for growth. Employing a mixed-methods approach—including surveys, interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations—the research highlights major constraints such as a shortage of skilled labor, poor post-harvest management, inadequate extension services, and market-related issues like price instability and limited access to profitable markets. These factors hinder the productivity and economic viability of the honey sector in the region. Despite these obstacles, the study identifies substantial opportunities for market expansion. Growing demand for honey, the region’s rich biodiversity, and potential for international trade create a strong foundation for industry growth. If properly harnessed, these opportunities can transform the honey market into a more efficient and profitable sector. To address the existing challenges and maximize market potential, the study recommends targeted interventions, including capacity-building initiatives, improved infrastructure, enhanced market linkages, and stronger collaboration between stakeholders. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for further research to develop sustainable strategies that will support the long-term growth of the honey industry in Kilte Awlaelo Woreda and contribute to the broader economic development of Tigray
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF SAVING MOBILIZATION IN MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS (A CASE OF DEDEBIT CREDIT AND SAVING INSTITUTION, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA)
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-25) Teklay Gebremedhin Gebretsadikan
Savings mobilization is a critical function for the sustainability and outreach of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in developing economies, and this study aims to assess the major challenges and opportunities in this area, using Dedebit Credit and Saving Institution (DECSI) in Tigray, Ethiopia, as a case study. Employing a descriptive research design, primary data were collected from a sample of DECSI employees using structured questionnaires, supplemented by secondary data. The analysis identified significant internal operational weaknesses, with the absence of remarkable remuneration identified as a "very strong" barrier; other strong internal operational weaknesses included manual financial systems, time-consuming procedures, lack of modern advertisement, and absence of overtime fees. Externally, peace and political instability posed a "very strong" challenge, alongside competition from other financial institutions, poor saving culture, and underdeveloped infrastructure. While staff commitment and the potential for quality service delivery were identified positively as opportunities, factors such as staff incentives, stakeholder cooperation, and product diversification were found to be underutilized. The study concludes that DECSI's savings mobilization efforts are hindered by a combination of critical internal operational weaknesses and external environmental factors. Consequently, it is recommended that DECSI invest in a modern Management Information System (MIS), introduce technology-driven channels (e.g., mobile banking), improve working conditions and remuneration to retain skilled staff, and develop more diversified savings products.
China's Project Management Practices and Challenges in Ethiopia's Infrastructure Construction Projects
(Mekelle University, 2025-12-28) Zhang Jilong
China’s emergence as Ethiopia's leading infrastructure partner, largely through the Belt and Ro ad Initiative (BRI) and state-backed investments, has transformed the Ethiopian landscape with large-scale projects like railways, industrial parks, and roads. China's substantial engagement Ethiopia's infrastructure sector has been a key driver of Ethiopia's rapid development, but it a lso presents a unique context for project management within the country. The general objective of the study is to critically examine and assess the unique project management (PM) practices employed by Chinese firms in Ethiopian infrastructure construction projects and the associated significant challenges encountered during implementation in reference to the ten knowledge areas categorized by PMBOK. Adopting a descriptive, mixed-methods approach, the study analyzed quantitative data from 67 purposively selected respondents using SPSS and Excel, alongside qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews with 12 key stakeholders (Chinese managers, Ethiopian government officials, and project engineers with direct experience related to project management) and extensive secondary document analysis. Then, the data is presented quantitatively using descriptive statistics with the help of table, figure, chart, frequency, percentage, mean score and standard deviation. The findings of the study indicate that that Chinese firms usually employ a "China Speed" PM methodologies and practices characterized by rapid mobilization, high resource intensity, and centralized decision-making, enabling them to meet aggressive deadlines. However, these practices face considerable challenges, particularly in the local opera ting environment. The primary constraints on project success of Chinese companies stem from the "Land-Finance-Bureaucracy" nexus of external friction inherent in Ethiopia's unstable operational environment. The most critical constraints include land acquisition (Right-of-Way) delay s, financial constraints (e.g., foreign exchange shortages and payment issues), and pervasive administrative and bureaucratic delays in securing essential permits, approvals and clearances. Beyond these systemic institutional challenges, projects are also vulnerable due to market and planning weaknesses, amplified by the Chinese firms' critical internal flaw of inaccurate initial cost estimates and a centralized "command-and-control" model lacks the maturity required for effective stakeholder management. And the study recommends that the Chinese companies shift from a "command and-control" system to a "collaboration-and-formalization" model to enhance PM maturity and the Ethiopian governments must improve project readiness and institutional governance to maximize local economic benefits and ensure sustainable project outcomes.
Credit Sales Risk Management in the Case of Libya Oil Ethiopia Limited
(Mekelle University, 2024-11-28) Eyerusalem Zewge
This research deals with the Credit Sales Risk Management of Libya Oil Ethiopia Limited. The objectives of the research were to assess the management of credit sales risks in Libya Oil Ethiopia Limited. One crucial element that must be controlled is credit sales risk. Credit sales risk management is based on analyzing the creditworthiness of customers and is one of the most central risks for any company. It is caused by a debtor's failure to perform their responsibilities. The research was carried out on Libya Oil Ethiopia Ltd. One of the key elements assessing credit sales risk management is the potential for a customer to default on their payments. By evaluating the current practice, this research aims to propose potential solutions that could address this issue in credit sales risk management. A descriptive type of research method was used in conducting this study. The result of this study evidence that there is a big gap between the current company’s collection policies and procedure and current states of market computation therefore, Libya Oil Ethiopia Ltd has to revise the current policies and procedures in considering the current inflation, compotator and customer status. Trade debt has an impact on the company's performance by lowering its revenue and net income, the case thus supports the idea that the company needs strong credit sales risk management. The study’s findings indicate that setting clear credit sales, collection and receivable management is essential to effectively manage credit sales and improve the company’s performance.
DETERMINANT FACTORS OF SUCCESS OF SAVING AND CREDIT COOPERATIVES IN TIGRAY
(Mekelle University, 2025-11-25) TESFAHUNEGN GUESH ABAY
Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations (SACCOs) are key to promoting financial inclusion and socio-economic growth, particularly in regions with low exposure to formal banking. While SACCOs are registered in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, most of them fail to achieve sustainable success. This study assesses the determinants of the success of SACCOs in Tigray, with a specific emphasis on governance, technological adoption, and financial management practices. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design, and quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 257 officers, managers, and board members of selected urban SACCOs. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyze data and determine factors that were significantly linked with SACCO success as measured by loan repayment rates, membership growth, and savings mobilization. The findings indicate that SACCOs in Tigray are staffed by a highly educated workforce, implying high human capital potential. The regression model identified four statistically significant determinants of success: Work experience (AOR = 00.211, p<0.030), Governance Effectiveness (AOR = 0.115, p < 0.001), the Impact of Technology Adoption (p = 0.002), and Dividend Payment (AOR = 5.430, p = 0.022). SACCOs with very strong governance, experienced employees, and those that paid dividends were significantly more likely to be successful, while a moderate (as opposed to high) technological impact was negatively associated with success. Operationally, speedy loan processing was the principal membership growth driver, overshadowing traditional drivers like low-interest rates. A fundamental "governance paradox" was observed, whereby formal arrangements like regular board meetings exist alongside a grave deficiency in board member training. The study concludes that SACCO success in Tigray is multifaceted, premised on the effective alignment of robust governance, deep (not moderate) technological integration, and strategic financial practices like dividend distribution. It recommends that SACCOs invest in board capacity through continuous training, in core banking and mobile technologies, and formalize financial strategies. Policy recommendations are that policymakers establish a tiered regulatory framework and facilitate technology adoption. This research provides valuable empirical lessons for enhancing SACCO performance and sustainability in Tigray and similar settings.
DETERMINANTS OF LIVELIHOOD CHALLENGES IN CONFLICT PRONE AREA: THE CASE OF SAMRE WOREDA
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-25) Asqual Hagos
This study investigates the determinants of livelihood challenges in SamreWoreda, a conflictprone district in southeastern Tigray, Ethiopia, focusing on Lemlem-Arena, Samre-Town, and Nebar-HadnetKebeles. Conflict-prone areas face significant livelihood challenges due to violence, resource scarcity, and has led to land scarcity in rural farm households. These challenges include the destruction of physical assets, restricted access to land and resources, and the breakdown of social networks. Violent conflicts often lead to a cycle of poverty and insecurity, exacerbated by displacement and resource disputes. Households often adopt reactive coping strategies. The lack of effective governance and institutional support hinders the development of sustainable livelihood strategies. In light of the devastating impacts of armed conflict on rural communities, the study aims to understand how conflict has affected livelihoods, especially in agrarian households. A mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches, data from 198 households, supplemented by focus group discussions (56 participants) and key informant interviews. Descriptive statistics and SPSS Version 27 were employed for data analysis. Data were collected from households, selected through purposive and simple random sampling. Primary data were gathered via household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions, and were complemented by relevant secondary sources. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS Version 27 and descriptive statistical tools. The study explores three major aspects in a logical sequence: the current situation of livelihood challenges in the area, the livelihood strategies adopted by dispossessed and resettled households, and theunderlying determinantsof these livelihood disruptions. The Findings indicate that conflict has caused widespread disruption to the agricultural economy, the primary livelihood source in the area. Nearly 97% of respondents reported substantial income losses. Determinants such as displacement, destruction of infrastructure, poor market linkages, and reduced access to agricultural inputs and extension services have further deepened the crisis. The study identifies several determinants of vulnerability, includinghousehold size, proximity to markets, availability of financial services, andgender-based disparities. Women, in particular, face compounded marginalization due to unequal access to land, credit, and protective services. Men, meanwhile, experience role dislocation and trauma. Qualitative findings further illustrate high levels of food insecurity, collapsed health and education systems, and weakened institutional support. The research highlights that mitigating livelihood challenges in conflict-affected areas like SamreWoreda requires integrated, context-sensitive, and gender-responsive interventions, and emphasize the need for asset-based recovery programs, revitalization of agriculture and extension services, enhanced market and credit accessas well asclimate-resilient practices. Furthermore, sustainable recovery must prioritize inclusive development, peacebuilding efforts, andinstitutional coordination to foster long-term resilience.
DETERMINANTS OF LOAN REPAYMENT PREFORMANCE OF RURAL SAVING AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE MEMBER BORROWERS IN CASE OF TSAEDA EMBA WOREDA, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-01-25) GEBREHAWERIA ALEMU ARAIA
Rural Savings and Credit Co-operatives (RuSACCOs) are cooperatives of financial institution that are owned and controlled by members for the purpose of encouraging members for saving and using the pooled fund to give loan to its members for their short and immediate financial need and as startup capital for small business. There are many demographic, socio-economic and institutional factors influencing loan repayment in the RuSACCOs, and other community based financial institutions. The study was aimed to identify the determinant factors for loan repayment performance of Rural Savings and Credit Co-operatives (RuSACCOs). This study was conducted with the objective of analyzing and identifying the determinant factors for loan repayment performance of rural savings and credit co-operatives (RuSACCOs). To achieve this objective, primarily data were collected from 424 randomly selected member borrowers (334 defaulters and 90 non-defaulters) by using semi-structured interview. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics including frequency, percentages and graph were used to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the member borrowers, institutional factors. Moreover, multicollinearity, correlation and chi-square analyses were employed to fulfil the assumption of binary logistic regression and compare the defaulters and non-defaulters’ group. Binary logistic regression was also, used to identify the determinant factors of loan repayment performance. The analysis found that six explanatory variables; marital status, family size, education, provision of training, follow up/supervision and model of lending become significant variables at 5% significance level. One of the assumptions of binary logistic regression was run to identify which of the independent variables significantly determine loan repayment performance. The omnibus Tests of model coefficients gives an overall indication of how well the model performs; the result obtained when none of the predictors are entered into the model. This is referred to as a „goodness of fit‟ test and indicated a highly significant value.