College of Business and Economics

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A Thesis on The Role of Microfinance Institutions in Youth Economic Empowerment in Shire Town, Tigray, Ethiopia:
(Mekelle University, 2025-11-25) Fisseha Gebremedhin
Youth unemployment remains a pressing challenge in Ethiopia, particularly in post-conflict regions such as Shire Town, where economic disruption has constrained livelihood opportunities. The main objective is to evaluate how participation in MFIs affects youth income and to identify the institutional and demographic determinants influencing microfinance participation. The study employs a cross-sectional survey of 270 youth respondents, combining descriptive statistics with an Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) model to correct for self-selection bias. Descriptive results reveal that the average respondent is 25 years old, with a mean family size of four and an average education level of five years. Males constitute 79% of the respondents, and 50% are microfinance participants. Approximately 63% of married youths and 49% of house owners are MFI participants, indicating that gender, marital stability, and asset ownership are major factors associated with financial inclusion. The mean natural logarithm of income corresponds to an approximate monthly income of ETB 68,000, suggesting considerable income variation among youth. The ESR model results confirm that microfinance participation significantly improves youth income, validating its role in economic empowerment. In the selection equation, sex, age, marital status, family size, and asset ownership significantly influence participation decisions. Male and older youths are more likely to participate, whereas larger family sizes decrease participation probability. For microfinance participants (Regime 1), income is positively affected by age and house ownership but negatively influenced by gender (female), marital status, and family size. Among non-participants (Regime 0), distance to market and house ownership remain key income determinants. The high positive correlation coefficient (ρ₁ = 0.963, p < 0.01) between the error terms of the selection and income equations confirms the presence of positive selection bias, indicating that youths inclined to participate in MFIs inherently have higher income potential. The results demonstrate that microfinance access enhances youth income and self-employment opportunities, consistent with prior empirical evidence. However, persistent gender disparities in income returns suggest that female participants face structural and institutional barriers even after gaining access to credit. Furthermore, the significance of asset and house ownership in both regimes underscores the importance of collateral and stability in fostering financial inclusion. In conclusion, microfinance institutions play a pivotal role in improving youth livelihoods in Shire Town by enhancing income, promoting self-employment, and strengthening asset accumulation. Strengthening institutional capacity and aligning microfinance services with youth development policies was crucial tosustaining empowerment outcomes and fostering inclusive post-conflict recovery in Tigray.
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Master's Degree in Economics, Development Policy Analysis Specializations
(Mekelle University, 2025-11-25) ENDRYAS TSEGAY BERHE
Urban poverty remains a significant challenge in Ethiopia, particularly in medium-sized towns like Kolla-Tembien Wereda, despite national economic progress. This study investigates the incidence, depth, determinants, and coping strategies of urban poverty in this context, where rising living costs, limited employment, and inadequate institutional support persist. The research aims to identify key poverty determinants and assess survival mechanisms of poor households. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 300 randomly selected household heads across six kebeles in Kolla-Tembien Wereda, using a structured questionnaire to collect data on demographics, income, expenditure, education, employment, access to services, and coping strategies. Descriptive statistics revealed that 62% of households fell below the local poverty line, with an average household size of 5.3 persons and low educational attainment (primarily primary school). Most households relied on informal employment, such as daily labor and petty trade, while having limited access to stable jobs and basic services like water, electricity, and healthcare. A binary logit model identified education, family size, gender, access to credit, and non-farm activities as significant determinants of poverty. Higher education and access to credit reduced poverty likelihood, while larger families and female-headed households faced greater vulnerability due to higher dependency and unequal opportunities. Coping mechanisms included informal borrowing, reducing food consumption, renting dwellings, selling assets, and participating in group solidarity schemes like “Idir” and “Iqub.” Some households limited children’s schooling or delayed healthcare, often increasing long-term vulnerability. These findings highlight the multidimensional nature of urban poverty, driven by structural, demographic, and institutional factors. The study recommends strengthening local credit institutions, promoting skill development, and improving urban infrastructure to address poverty’s root causes. This research provides empirical evidence to inform municipal povertyreduction policies and livelihood programs in Ethiopia’s medium-sized towns.
Adoption of Modern Agricultural Technologies in Urban Agriculture: A Case Study in Abiy-Adi town -Vegetable Growers
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-23) Teame Gebreyosus
Modern agricultural technology plays a vital role in enhancing farmers' productivity and promoting sustainable farming practices. This study investigates the determinants influencing the adoption of fertilizer and pesticide in urban agricultural farming. A total of 240 respondents were surveyed using both primary and secondary data sources. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and Econometric models. Specifically, a Logit model was employed to identify the determinants of adoption, while propensity score matching (PSM) was used to assess the impact of adoption on household income. The results reveal that age, gender, farming experience, attitude, perception of cost toward modern technology, extension support, use of organic manure, and scarcity of irrigation water are significant factors affecting adoption decisions. Among these, age, attitude, and use of organic manure were found to have a negative relationship with adoption. Moreover, the adoption of modern agricultural technologies has a significant positive impact on farmers' income. The findings indicate that the average treatment effect (ATE) of adoption on household income is 262,519 birr, while the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) is 61,578 birr. The higher ATE compared to the ATT suggests that non-adopters could potentially gain even more income benefits if they adopted modern agricultural technologies. This implies that adopters may not yet be fully optimizing the use of fertilizer and pesticides, possibly due to limited experience, inadequate training, or resource constraints. In contrast, non-adopters have a higher untapped potential for income improvement once barriers to adoption are addressed. To bridge this gap, policy interventions should focus on strengthening agricultural extension and capacity-building programs to ensure effective and efficient use of modern technologies. Tailored training and demonstration programs should be introduced to improve farmers' technical knowledge and management practices. Additionally, enhancing access to affordable inputs through subsidies, credit schemes, or cooperative purchasing, along with improving irrigation infrastructure, can encourage wider adoption and help farmers maximize the income potential indicated by the ATE. These measures would contribute to more equitable and sustainable income growth among urban farmers,
An ASSESSEMENT OF OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENEGES IN GOODS TRANSPORTATION: A CASE STUDY OF MEKELLE DRY PORT
(Mekelle University, 2025-08-28) NIGUS AREFE GEBREMEDHIN
Ethiopia, as a landlocked country, faces significant logistics and transportation challenges due to limited infrastructure, high freight costs, and overreliance on the Port of Djibouti. Mekelle Dry Port (MDP) was established to mitigate these issues and support regional trade through improved inland cargo handling. This study applies a port performance assessment framework to evaluate MDP based on five key objectives: assessing infrastructure and equipment, evaluating customs procedures, analyzing operational bottlenecks, examining workforce capacity, and identifying opportunities for improvement. Using a mixed-methods design, the study collected data from 210 structured surveys, 11 key informant interviews, and direct field observations. Results reveal that 77.6% of respondents were dissatisfied with storage facilities and manual cargo handling systems, while only 18.1% agreed on timely customs clearance, despite 58.1% recognizing benefits from digital systems. Operational inefficiencies were also highlighted, with 89.1% reporting delays in loading and unloading, and 87.1% citing critical skill gaps among the workforce. Furthermore, 96.6% of participants emphasized the urgent need for staff training. The findings demonstrate interconnected challenges involving outdated infrastructure (70% dissatisfaction), bureaucratic customs delays (42.4%), and human resource constraints. The study concludes that MDP requires targeted interventions such as infrastructure upgrades, digitalization of customs processes, improved layout and workflow design, and workforce development. These insights provide a valuable evidence base for policy action and contribute to broader efforts to modernize dry port operations in Ethiopia and other landlocked developing countries.
ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BANK SPECIFIC FACTORS AND PROFITABILITY: A STUDY ON PRIVATE COMMERCIAL BANKS IN ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-11-24) TEMESGEN TESFAYE
This study aimed to examine the impact of bank-specific factors on the financial performance of five selected private commercial banks in Ethiopia. Employing both descriptive and explanatory research designs through a mixed-methods approach, the study utilized primary data collected via questionnaires from top bank managers and secondary data from audited financial statements spanning ten years (2014/2015–2023/2024). Descriptive, correlation, and multiple regression analyses were conducted to interpret the data. The descriptive results indicated that while ROA fluctuated over time, it generally remained stable around the mean; non-performing loans (NPLs) were mostly low, though a few banks showed poor asset quality; and liquidity levels varied but were generally strong. Correlation analysis revealed that ROA had a significant positive relationship with capital adequacy and a significant negative relationship with asset quality. Regression results confirmed that capital adequacy and liquidity positively influenced profitability, whereas asset quality had a negative effect. Based on these findings, the study recommended enhancing systems for managing credit risk, adopting proactive capital and liquidity management frameworks, and strengthening regulatory oversight on asset quality. Finally, it acknowledged certain limitations and proposed areas for future research.
ANALYSIS OF TRENDS, OPPORTUNITIES, and CHALLENGES OF TIGRAY SESAME EXPORT MARKET (THE CASE OF -TAHTAY-ADYABO WEREDA)
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-25) Kidu Tafere Asgedom
This study aimed to analyze the trends, opportunities, and challenges of the Tigray sesame export market in Tahtay-Adiyabo wereda by employing a mixed-methods approach and a cross-sectional survey design, using a census of the entire target population of 24 sesame market actors—including local traders, exporters, Tekeze Union, and the temporary market center—supplemented with focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Findings reveal that sesame marketing in Tigray is highly seasonal, with peak trading in September and complete inactivity from February to August; smallholder farmers supply about 95% of traded sesame, indicating heavy reliance on fragmented production systems. The study further shows that the war severely disrupted the sesame export market through the destruction of roads, warehouses, and stored commodities, causing total cessation of export activities between 2020/21 and 2023/24 and leading to a sharp decline in foreign exchange earnings. Despite this, the sector retains substantial opportunities stemming from high global demand, favorable agro-ecology, the premium quality of Humera-type sesame, and proximity to international markets; however, its performance remains constrained by conflict-related damage, limited finance, weak institutional coordination, transport shortages during peak months, price volatility, inadequate storage infrastructure, and lack of timely market information. Based on these findings, the study recommends first strengthening post-war institutional coordination, infrastructure rehabilitation, and financial support systems to restore export functionality and, second, improving market information flow and storage/transport systems to stabilize prices and enhance the competitiveness of Tigray’s sesame in international markets
ASSESMENET OF DRY PORT PERFORMANACE: - (The Case of Mekelle Dry Port)
(Mekelle University, 2025-11-25) Assefa Tesfay Gidey
The main purpose of the study is to assess the performance of the Mekelle dry port based on customer perspectives using indicators such as customs clearance, infrastructure and equipment, service providing, handling efficiency and incidents, delays and waiting times. The study also aims to identifying the key opportunity and challenges hindering dry port performance and what should be done to improve and eliminate the problems that affect the performance of the dry port. A descriptive research design was employed to explain the performance variables. Both closed and open-ended questionnaires were designed and distributed to respondents using a convenience sampling technique to select Mekelle Dry Port customers. A total of 248 questionnaires were distributed to the Mekelle dry port proportionally, and 237 questionnaires were returned, while 11 questionnaires were not returned. Therefore, 237 responses were used for data analysis. The result of the descriptive analysis of the responses of customers of the Mekelle dry port shows that among the five Indicators of Mekelle dry port performance measurement, Infrastructure and Equipment has the lowest mean value of 2.35, followed by Handling Efficiency with a mean value of 2.62. The remaining three indicators, namely service provided, Incidents, Delay and Waiting time has a mean value of 3.11 and custom clearance, had mean values of 3.02, 3.11, and 3.44, respectively. The study results revealed that a significant number of variables showed discrepancies, indicating that the overall performance of the dry port was far below its customers’ expectations. Thus, customers of the Mekelle dry port were less satisfied with its services. Consequently, the overall dry port performance was below average. The discontent for infrastructure and equipment is the highest score that calls for immediate action by the Mekelle dry port management because the improvement in this indicator significantly changes the customer’s satisfaction and improves its performance as well. Therefore, the Mekelle dry port should invest more in infrastructure and equipment. Second, it is 10 important to invest in incident, delay, and waiting time to avoid unnecessary wastages and extra costs. By doing so, the Mekelle dry port could have sustained competitive advantages as the human aspect of an organization is not easily imitated by competitors.
ASSESMENT OF ADVERTISING EFFECTIVNESS: THE CASE OF AQUA SAFE MINERAL WATER
(Mekelle University, 2025-02) Bedilu Melaku
The objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of advertising MESSAGE SOURCE AND Channel of aqua safe mineral water. The research design was a cross sectional design. The population of the study was residents of Addis Ababa from both Kirkos and Bole sub cities. The study used primary data which was collected using self-administered questionnaires. Advertising influences the sales performance as it enables the company to enhance the purchase of organizational products by the consumer, increase volume of sales, increase the profits of the organization and enhance the organization relationship with its customers. The study was conducted to identify effectiveness of advertising message, source and channel of Aqua safe mineral water. The study was conducted in both bole and Kirkos sub cities of Addis Ababa. The researcher used non-probability sampling method to take samples. Among non-probability sampling method, the researcher chooses convenience sampling method because it helps the researcher to easily select respondents and to achieve the diverse nature of respondents. Regarding the finding on the media mixes that aqua safe mineral water used to advertise its product, the company uses almost all types of Medias such as visual, audio and print Medias. According to the statistics of the study advertising messages of aqua safe mineral water is very effective. The management of aqua safe mineral water should carry out periodic review of the advertising message, advertising source and channel to rate their effectiveness. Moreover, advertising messages must be stronger and appealing enough to persuade and build product preference, encourage switching to aqua safe mineral water by changing the perception of the consumers of rival brands. According to the statistics of the study advertising messages of aqua safe mineral water is very effective. The management of aqua safe mineral water should carry out periodic review of the advertising message, advertising source and channel to rate their effectiveness. Moreover, advertising messages must be stronger andviii appealing enough to persuade and build product preference, encourage switching to aqua safe mineral water by changing the perception of the consumers of rival brands. According to the research findings we can conclude that Aqua safe mineral water advertising messages is effective, advertising source and channel are also effective.
Assess the effect of Conflict on Performance of Rural Saving and Credit Cooperative and Mitigating Mechanisms in Southern Tigray: The Case of Endamohoni Wereda.
(Mekelle University, 2025-03) YohannesRedae
he survey conducted after the devastating war in Tigray provides valuable insights in to assess the effects on the Endamohoni Wereda Main objective of this study is to assess the effect of conflict on rural saving and credit cooperative in southern Tigray: in the case of Endamohoni Wereda. The effectiveness of RUSSCO is necessarily subject to assess the negative effects of the conflicts or war, especially as their loans outstanding depended on the level of savings outstanding. Endamohoni Wereda Youth Saving and Credit Cooperative for its saving, loan provided, credit collections in 2020 and this effect leads for above 2million birr pillages in all branches During the conflict, deposits shrink and increases in withdrawals, substantial decrease in loan repayment lost their businesses, or even died. The Research design is mixed methods both qualitative and quantitative approach has been employed in this study. This researcher used a descriptive research design, and systematic random sampling techniques, department heads were selected purposefully . Data were collected by interviewing up on 378 respondents in rural saving and credit cooperatives Endamohoni Wereda , South Tigray in Ethiopia. To analysis and interpret data the researcher used descriptive statistics such as the percentage, range, table, graphs, ratio and narrations and the other methods to collect qualitative data by interview systematic random sampling and purposive sampling .The post war conflict brought about complex effects and wide range of damages such as pillage, assets set on fire , shutter or demolished assets. The members are facing multiple problems, challenges and economic limitations. Major challenges of rural saving and credit cooperative union is lake of awareness, limitation of managerial capacity, limited income of the members, Sacco size, dependency or government interference, inadequate support and weak regulation and supervision ,inaccessibility to technology, political instability or war. From this it is possible to conclude that the post war conflict significantly disrupted the income capacity of most respondents, with only a small percentage managing to generate income at or near their expected levels. Similarly, the majority of members either ceased saving or reduced their saving amounts during the war and siege period. Solutions for the challenges of rural saving and credit cooperative, the researcher recommended the following suggestions. Increase educated staff members, use of technology, creating awareness rising, enhancing of the members, and their income per participant, being mautonomous, and cooperative among cooperative unions
Assessing the Challenges facing External Auditors Auditing Public Enterprises in Ethiopia; the case of Auditors of Audit Service Corporation
(Mekelle University, 2024-11) Feven Antonious
This research explores the major challenges faced by external auditors in auditing public enterprises, specifically focusing on the Auditors of Audit Service Corporation (ASC). Utilizing a descriptive survey research design, the study employs a quantitative methods approach. The quantitative aspect involves the use of structured questionnaires distributed to 95 ASC audit directorate staff whereas 93 questionnaires were returned. Data analysis is conducted using SPSS version 20, presenting results through frequency tables and summary statistics. Key findings reveal significant challenges such as lack of cooperation from management, difficulties in obtaining necessary documentation, complexity of regulations, issues with internal controls, and political influences affecting audit objectivity. Additionally, resource constraints, challenges in assessing risk management practices, and resistance from public enterprises are highlighted. The role of external audit committees, training adequacy, and the impact of technology on mitigating audit challenges are also examined. Results show significant challenges, including resistance from management, difficulties in obtaining documentation, complex regulatory environments, issues with internal controls, and political influences on audit objectivity. The study underscores the need for improved methodologies, regulatory framework changes, and enhanced training programs to better equip auditors in addressing these challenges effectively. Overall, the research provides a comprehensive understanding of the obstacles faced by external auditors in auditing public enterprises and offers recommendations for enhancing the audit process.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF BRAND AWARENESS ON ENHANCING EXPORT OF GROUNDNUT IN ETHIOPIAN TIGRAY REGION
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-11) GIRMAY TEAMIR
Groundnut is economically important oilseeds grown in Ethiopia This crop most of the time grown as a food crop and a cash crop by smallholder farmers in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Groundnut for food and nutrition security as well as export. However, shortage of suitable environment imposes biggest obstacles to its production. To this end, the experiment was conducted in Abregele district five kebeles Hadnet, Lemlem, Enda Rufael, Negedebirhan, Gera.The aim of the study was to evaluate and identify the adaptable, best performing variety in agronomic traits and high yielding at study area. The study also considered four measurements of brand awareness such as recognition, recall, Top of the mind and Dominant to measure the customer buying decision behavior of groundnut products in Tigray region. The researcher uses quantitative research design, among the various quantitative methods, the researcher used explanatory study, where emphasis is given on studying a situation or a problem in order to explain the relationship variables. 183 groundnut consumers are selected from the total ground nut producers, merchants and consumers. the Pearson correlation test conducted between customer buying decision and brand awareness, there is a strong relationship between them. The regressions result showed that, the linear combination of all the components of brand awareness takes into account that the present study was significantly affected to the variance, except Dominant. The ANOVA test result also confirmed that, the prediction power of brand awareness is found to be statistically significant. From the beta coefficient result, the researcher found that, recognition is found to be the most important variable in predicting the dependent variable customer decision making, followed by top of the mind, recall and Dominant. Finally, the researcher concludes that brand awareness about groundnut has a significant positive effect on improving export performance of the groundnut and customer decision making.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF EARLY MARRIAGE ON GIRLS’EDUCATION IN AFAR REGIONAL STATE: THE CASE OF BERHLE WOREDA
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-25) ADLIBARAALIIBRAHIM
Early marriage significantly hinders educational opportunities for girls which increase the phenomenon of girls‟ school dropout. Hence, a descriptive and explanatory study method was adopted to examine the impact of early marriage on girls‟ education in Berahle Woreda. Mixed both (qualitative and quantitative) research approach was employed. The required primary data were gathered through survey and in-depth interview, while the supplementary secondary data were collected using document analysis. A stratified purposive and random sampling technique was implemented to select 269 primary school age girls Berhale Woreda. Binary and Multivariate logistic regression model was utilized to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios for the dependent variables (early marriage and school dropout), while the qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Out of 269 distributed questionnaires, 248 filled questionnaires were collected by the researcher at a response rate of (92.2%). The prevalence rates of early marriage and school dropout were 75.8% and 64.5%, respectively. The odds ratio of the association between early marriage and school dropout was 0.051[0.02-0.10], signifies that school dropout is 94.9% higher among early married girls than unmarried. However, after adjusting confounding variables, the probability of school dropout was estimated to be 84.4% higher among early married girls as compared to unmarried peers [AOR= 0.152; 95% CI: 0.049- 0.473]. The empirical multivariate analysis shows that religion, wealth index and residence were found to be significant predictors for both outcomes (early marriage and school dropout) and in contrast, religion, husband/household head education, husband or head occupation, wealth index, place of residence, ethnicity, and decision to marry were significant predictors for early marriage, while early marriage, religion, place of residence and wealth index were significant predictors for school dropout. Hence, the study concluded that early marriage is the most significant factor that increases the rate of girls‟ school dropout girls. Therefore, stakeholdersand policymakers must prioritize hotspots, socio-economic, and demographic factors to achieve a meaningful reduction in the incidence of early marriage and school dropout.
Assessment of Challenges and Opportunities of Private Investment in Garment &Textile Firms :( A Case study inMekelle City)
(Mekelle University, 2024-09) ZenebuFitsum
Many Private investments in manufacturing have played their roles to employment creation and poverty alleviation of wider group of the society in general and urban youth in particular.However these sectors have been bound with various complicated and interlocked constraintsThe purpose of this study is thereforeto investigate the opportunities and challenges of private investment in Mekelle citywith particular emphasis to the garment & textile sector. Clear understanding of these will enable to harness the potential benefit and to face the challenges that hindered their growth. The study has used both primary and secondary data source.The target populations of the study were investors & owners involved in the private investment of the garment and textile sector and government officials in the study area. By stratifying the investment stage, samples were selected by employing proportional stratified sampling technique and 188 questionnaires were distributed; out of which 166 were returned. An interview is also conducted with 20 respondents: 10 selected from operators/owners and 10 from investment officials. Data gathered were analyzed based on these 166 responses using SPSS 20 software package. Descriptive research design was employed and Outputs were reported using frequency, percentage and mean results. The findings indicated that even though the investment environment in such sector is improving, still there are problems in the area of financial access, inadequate infrastructure, production inefficiency, influx of smuggled goods, and forex shortages that hinder their growth.These sectors have bright prospects if action is taken by the government. To benefit from opportunities and overcome its challenges, government should control smuggled goods and supportand facilitate these sectors to modernize and further increase their production capacity and enhance human resource capacity through training and working capital.Hence, to promote the performance these sectors, it is essential to take measures that can improve real income of people, and make public investment in basic infrastructures and institutions that are crucial to attract private investment. Besides, ensuring stable investment environment and macro-economic and political stability are necessary to build lasting confidence of privateinvestors.
Assessment of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices: The Case of Mesebo Cement Factory, Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-25) Rigbe Abrha Desta
At present, corporate social responsibility is growing in importance in business practices. It is a business model that encourages businesses to operate in ways that enhance society and the environment while still being accountable to their stakeholders and the public. As a consequence of fast-growing socio-economic and political development and awareness, communities increasingly demand corporate accountability. The search for answers to these questions led to the development of the concept of corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility can be defined as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. This study assessed the extent and dimensions of CSR practices at Mesebo Cement Factory and their alignment with Carroll’s CSR framework. Corporate social responsibility contains four components/domains that were developed by Carroll in the form of pyramid these include: legal, ethical, economic, and philanthropic domains. The study used corporate social responsibility model adopted after detailed review of theories and empirical studies. The research design is mainly descriptive survey. Data for each of the major four domains were collected through sets of questions asked to respondents to rank their perception. To enhance the credibility of the data collected triangulation method of research approach is applied. The Sample survey was conducted with 200 respondents applying probability sampling design and simple random technique from both internal (122 employee respondents) and external (78 respondents) from nearby community members. The survey was also accompanied by an interview with key informants and in-depth interview as well as document analysis. Finally, the data gathered through a questionnaire from the survey were analyzed through mean scores, frequencies, percentages, and ranking using SPSS software version 20. The descriptive statistics results were presented in the form of Tables and figures. The finding of the study shows that the company mainly works on good employees handling, the economic domain of corporate social responsibility and from the philanthropic aspect it participates in sport and it supports in education buildings, indicating that the company works within the legal framework. However, majority of the results indicate that the company is not working on environmental protection, health care, infrastructure, and ethical aspects of corporate social responsibility. The results imply that the management of Mesobo Cement Factory need to comply with and further implement Corporate Social Responsibility strategy alignment, stakeholder communication and activities that ensure corporate sustainability. From the findings, the study gives a general remark that corporate social responsibility is not well practiced by the Company. Therefore, the major findings suggest that such organizations need to understand and consider the advantages of engaging in corporate social responsibility for their growth on sustainable basis.
ASSESSMENT OF EMPLOYEES’ PERCEPTION TOWARDS HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED IN EDUCATION OFFICE IN ABERGELE YECHILA WEREDA CENTRAL ZONE REGION TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-05-28) HADUSH GEBREMARIAM HAGOS
The aim of this study was to determine how Abergele Yechila Wereda Central Zone employees felt about HRM practices. When implementing these internal standards, the sector encountered issues with formal follow-up following training, unjust promotions and salaries, and restrictions on employee participation in decision making. Data was collected from operational staff members and team leaders. Using a cross-sectional survey method, the researcher employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods. To make the sample more typical of the population, the researcher utilized stratified sampling to choose a sample from each stratum using a sample size determination table. To analyze the data collected utilizing various data collection methods, the researcher employed both descriptive and inferential statistics. To gather primary data, five Point Likert-Scale questionnaires were used. 90 completed replies were sent back. To evaluate the empirical data gathered from the closed-ended questionnaire, SPSS 20 was utilized. The dependent variable is employee performance, while the independent variables include hiring and selection, training and development, pay, employee relationships, and performance reviews. The dependent and independent variables' mean, frequency, and percentile were calculated and analyzed. The correlation result showed that all of the independent variables, with the exception of the compensation variable, had a positive relationship with the dependent variable, meaning that any change in the independent variable would result in a corresponding change in the performance of employees. It also showed that the independent variables had a 70% influence on the dependent variable, with the remaining 29.2% being influenced by factors not included in this study. Researchers should also use the results of this study to further empirical research in the field of human resources.
ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES /MSEs/: THE CASE OF MEKELLE CITY ADMINISTRATION, TIGRAY
(Mekelle University, 2025-11-25) Gergs Tesfanchial Teklehaymanot
This study assesses the key factors influencing the performance of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Mekelle City Administration, Tigray, Ethiopia, recognizing their critical role in economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction, particularly in developing economies. The primary objective was to identify and analyze the impact of financial factors, infrastructural challenges, and institutional coordination problems on MSE performance. Employing a quantitative research design, the study collected primary data through structured questionnaires distributed to 394 MSE owners selected via stratified and simple random sampling techniques from a population of 25,559, achieving a 90.1% response rate. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and multiple regression analyses via SPSS version 22.The study revealed that financial factors, such as high collateral requirements (mean=4.52) and complicated loan procedures (mean=4.55), were the most significant barriers to MSE performance, followed by severe infrastructural deficits such as inadequate water supply (mean=1.22) and unaffordable electricity (mean=1.30). Institutional coordination issues, including weak inter-organizational relationships (mean=1.65) and ineffective communication (mean=1.75), further constrained performance.Regression analysis indicated that these factors collectively explain 66% of the variance in MSE performance, with financial (β=0.325) and infrastructural factors (β=0.314) being the most influential. The study concludes that limited access to finance, poor infrastructure, and weak institutional coordination significantly hinder MSE growth. It is recommended that financial institutions and government bodies simplify loan processes, reduce collateral demands, increase funding, improve utility services and infrastructure, and enhance inter-institutional coordination and governance to foster a more supportive environment for MSE development and economic contribution.
ASSESSMENT OF FOOD INSECURITY AND ITS DETEMNANTS IN ENDERTA DISTRICT, SOUTH EASTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY REGION, ETHIOPEA
(Mekelle University, 2025-03-25) GEBREGIORGIS WELDU KAHSAY
This study was initiated to assess the status of food insecurity and its determinants among rural households in Enderta district, south eastern zone of Tigray region, which is one of the droughtprone area. The main objective of the study was to assess the status of food insecurity and identify factors influencing food insecurity in the study area. Data for this study was obtained by crosssectional design whereby random sampling was used to select 120 respondents from the study area. Focus group discussion and key informant interview were conducted and a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used to collect data for this study. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to obtain variability among variables. From the study, households self-report result shows that about 81.7 percent of the households were food insecure and 18.3 were food secure. Households with large family size, non-educated and old household heads were more likely to be food insecure than those with smaller family size, educated and young household heads. Similarly, factors like low land size, not livestock and not using farm input by the households, Unreliable rains, Limited use of modern technology and Poor soils were positively and significantly associated with food insecurity. Policy interventions aimed to change food security situation in the study area need to be diversified by focusing on enhancing family planning programs, promoting access to basic education to rural households and to motivate extension service providers as well as farmers to be insisted to utilize the services effectively and efficiently.
Assessment of Internal audit effectiveness: The case of selected Federal Public organizations of Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2025-10-24) Henok Sewasew
The main concern of this study is to assess and describe the challenges that internal audit department at public organization and how these challenges could be addressed. This study employed a descriptive research design. The study used purposive sampling in identification of 136 respondents as target population which encompasses from internal auditors and 10 from executives of control department residing in Addis Ababa. Data collected from questionnaires was coded and analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for descriptive statistics. Presentation was by use of tables. Percentages mean mode and standard deviation which enhanced a meaningful description. The study revealed that lack of: management and staff support, shortage of organizational independence, inadequate competency of internal audit staffs and lack of updated audit procedural manuals, lack of BOD attention for internal audit department, feeling of audited as a fault finder, dispute and misunderstanding auditors face from audited, inadequacy of time to operate exhaustively , supervisors` rare in person follow up of resident auditors, insufficient auditors knowledge on contemporary banking systems, lack of qualified staff and scarcity of facilities. To address these findings, the study recommends free access for certification, compilation of updated audit manuals, conducive working environment, awareness creation program to audited, proactive than reactive audit engagement, revision of existing structure and extensive training program to get decisive value adding output out of internal auditing practices.
Assessment of Marketing Strategy Practices in the Case of Messebo Cement Factory, Ethiopia, Tigray
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-28) Goitom Hailemariam
This study assesses the marketing strategy practices at Messebo Cement Factory in Tigray, Ethiopia, focusing on the 4 Ps of the marketing mix and their impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Guided by the 4 Ps Marketing Mix, Expectation-Confirmation, and Relationship Marketing theories, the research employed a mixed-methods approach, collecting data from 58 respondents through a survey. Descriptive findings revealed that Messebo Cement Factory generally performs well in product variety, quality, broad market accessibility, and diverse promotional channels. However, specific areas identified for improvement include packaging quality, price competitiveness and transparency, delivery timeliness and reliability, effectiveness of channel partner collaborations, and the clarity and convincing nature of marketing messages. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive relationships between all marketing mix elements and both customer satisfaction and loyalty, with customer satisfaction being a very strong predictor of customer loyalty (r=0.755,p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis further demonstrated that, collectively, the four marketing mix strategies significantly explain 38.8% of the variance in customer satisfaction (F(4,53)=8.403,p<0.001). While the overall model was significant and diagnostics confirmed its robustness, individual marketing mix elements did not emerge as statistically significant unique predictors of customer satisfaction in the model. The study concludes that while Messebo Cement Factory’s marketing strategies are moderately effective, their collective impact is crucial for customer satisfaction. Recommendations include targeted improvements in product packaging, pricing clarity, distribution efficiency, channel partner engagement, and refining promotional messaging to enhance overall customer satisfaction and foster stronger customer loyalty and brand advocacy in a competitive market.
Assessment of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction: (A Case Study of Mekelle Alula Aba-Nega International Airport)
(Mekelle University, 2025-09-25) Helen Berhane
Customer satisfaction has become one of the primary concerns in the aviation industry worldwide, largely due to the intense competition in the sector. Airports are striving to deliver high-quality services to retain existing passengers and attract new ones. The main objective of this research was to assess airport service quality and customer satisfaction using the SERVQUAL model, which evaluates five key dimensions: Tangibles, Reliability, Assurance, Responsiveness, and Empathy. This study focused passengers on the terminal at Mekelle Alula Aba-Nega International Airport, one of the busiest airports in Ethiopia and a key hub for domestic air travel. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire administered using a non-probability sampling technique. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed to passengers at the airport, and 110 valid responses were obtained for analysis. The findings revealed that passenger’s high level of Expectations: Reliability, Tangibility, Assurance, Responsiveness and high level of Perception: Reliability, Assurances and Empathy consecutive with the five SERVQUAL dimensions—Reliability, Assurance, Responsiveness, and Empathy. However, they expressed dissatisfaction with the Tangibles dimension, and which includes the physical facilities, equipment, and appearance of personnel. This result serves as a warning to the Ethiopian Airports to place greater emphasis on aligning service delivery with passengers’ expectations and perceptions. To address the dissatisfaction in the Tangibles dimension, it is recommended that airport management take concrete actions such as: training terminal shop owners in customer service, enhancing Wi-Fi speed and coverage throughout the terminal, offering high-quality and affordable food options, to improve daily of passengers Baggage’s to deliver on time and revising the airport’s infrastructure to improve passenger comfort. Furthermore, it is essential for airport managers to conduct seasonal evaluations of passenger satisfaction and service quality to ensure services remain aligned with customer expectations.