College of Law and Governance

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    The Implications of Security Dilemmas in Post-War Tigray on the Violation of Women's Rights: A Case Study of Mekelle City
    (Mekelle University, 2025-05-25) Redae Alemseged
    This research paper examines the implications of the security dilemma in post-war Tigray, particularly focusing on the violation of women's rights in Mekelle City. The security dilemma, a concept in international relations, posits that actions taken by one state to enhance its security can inadvertently threaten other states, leading to an escalation of tensions. In the context of Tigray, the aftermath of conflict has created an environment where women's rights are increasingly compromised. This study analyzes the relationship between the security dilemma and the systemic violations of women's rights, drawing on qualitative data from interviews and existing literature. The findings suggest that the ongoing insecurity and militarization in Mekelle have exacerbated gender-based violence and restricted women's access to essential services, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions to protect women's rights in post-conflict settings.
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    INTERFAITH DIALOGUE AND ITS ROLE IN PEACE BUILDING PARTIES, AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN RAYA AZEBO WEREDA, SOUTHERN TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
    (Mekelle University, 2025-05-25) HAYELOM GEBRE
    This thesis explores the role of interfaith dialogue in peace-building and conflict resolution between Orthodox Christians and Muslims in Raya Azebo Woreda, Ethiopia. The primary objective is to examine how interfaith dialogue contributes to reconciling disputing parties and fostering peaceful coexistence in a religiously diverse context. Specific objectives include analyzing the impact of community-based religious values on relationships among believers, assessing the mechanisms of community faith-based institutions in peace-building, and investigating their effectiveness in promoting collaboration among different faiths. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology, the study employs personal observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions to gather insights from key participants, including local religious leaders and community peace builders. The findings reveal that interfaith dialogue significantly aids conflict prevention and reconciliation at the community level. It highlights the vital role of faith-based actors, such as “አአአአ”s, “አአአአአ”s, and “Debartes,” in facilitating dialogue and fostering mutual respect among diverse religious groups. The significance of this research lies in its potential to inform policymakers and community leaders about the constructive role of interfaith dialogue in promoting long-term peace and social cohesion. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of integrating peace education into curricula in conflict-affected regions. The study concludes that the ongoing practices of interfaith dialogue in Raya Azebo Woreda demonstrate a tradition of religious tolerance and communal harmony, underscoring the potential of faith-based initiatives in building a peaceful society.
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    ASSESSING CUSTOMARY CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISMS AMONG THE NUER IN JIOKOW WOREDA, THE GAMBELLA REGION, ETHIOPIA
    (Mekelle University, 2025-05-25) GATBEL REAK CHUOL
    In Ethiopia, customary dispute resolution mechanisms address conflicts among clans, sub-clans, and families. Limited data existed on these practices in the Gambella region, particularly Jiokow Woreda. This study evaluated the customary conflict resolution mechanisms among the Nuer in Jiokow Woreda, focusing on their methods and effectiveness. Primary data were collected via focus group discussions (FGD), key informant interviews (KII), and non-participant observation, while secondary data were sourced from books, journal articles, and agency reports. Qualitative data from 22 key informants and 28 FGD participants knowledgeable about these mechanisms were analyzed thematically. Findings revealed conflicts stemmed from disputes over grazing lands, farmlands, cattle rustling, adultery, elopement, rape, weddings, dances, impregnation, divorce, leadership rivalries, status conflicts, drunkenness, firearm access, and cattle camp ownership. State politics, murders, and revenge killings, alongside population pressure and resource competition, intensified these issues. Resulting losses included looted cattle, destroyed crops, burned villages, and displaced populations, fracturing social bonds. Disputes were managed through customary methods—such as blood compensation with cattle, sefer shums’ courts, earth priests, leopard skin chiefs, village elders, and church leaders—and modern government systems, including criminal detention and enforced reparations. Though operating concurrently, these approaches lacked formal integration. Customary practices, valued for their indigenous roots, held greater local legitimacy. However, the parallel systems created a resolution gap. The government should assess Nuer Zone woredas, especially Jiokow, to integrate customary justice into regional legal frameworks, bolster social courts, host peace-building conferences, and devise effective strategies for sustainable peace and social harmony.
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    ETHIOPIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY: CHALLENGE AND IMPLICATIONS, SINCE 2018
    (Mekelle University, 2025-06-25) BAYE BERIE
    Security is a fundamental aspect of human life. Ethiopia faces significant internal and external security challenges, resulting in an unpredictable future for the nation. This paper aims to discuss the major national security challenges in Ethiopia and their implications. Using a descriptive and qualitative approach, the research analyzes data gathered from primary and secondary sources. The findings reveal a range of domestic challenges, including ethnic clashes, leadership crises, inadequate political liberalization, poverty, indecent implementation of federalism, religious fundamentalism, unhealthy media practices, and the absence of an advanced democratic political system along with a national consensus on various issues. Externally, challenges arise from geopolitical rivalries, hydro-political tensions, and the involvement of foreign actors. The study explores the implications of these challenges, such as economic decline, diminished state power, regional destabilization, and the potential for state failure. However, it also highlights opportunities for transformation, suggesting that facing these challenges could lead to a deeper understanding of the behaviors and interests of various groups pave the way for genuine national dialogue, and prompt necessary economic, political, and security reforms. Given the severity of these challenges, Ethiopia’s future appears precarious. To address these issues, the study recommends collaborative efforts among the government, professionals, opposition parties, citizens, and relevant stakeholders to establish a transitional government, promote good governance and the rule of law, strengthen national dialogue and reconciliation, enhance economic development and poverty alleviation, and foster regional and international cooperation.
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    ASSESSING THE BEHAVIOR OF ETHIOPIAN FOREIGN POLICY FROM A NATIONAL INTEREST PERSPECTIVE: THE CASE OF ETHIOPIA-ERITREA RELATIONS
    (Mekelle University, 2025-05-25) AMANIEL HADUSH
    Ethiopian foreign policy has historically been shaped by the imperative of safeguarding national interests, including security, economic development, and regional stability. By employing a qualitative analysis grounded in realism and national interest theory, the research explores how Ethiopia has prioritized and balanced political, economic, and security interests in its approach to Eritrea from the post-independence period to the present. It seeks to assess the extent to which Ethiopia's foreign policy decisions concerning Eritrea are driven by the pursuit and protection of its core national interests, such as security, economic development, and regional influence. By examining key historical junctures, policy shifts, and diplomatic engagements, the research analyzes the interplay of domestic and external factors shaping Ethiopia's strategic choices. It deals how Ethiopia’s strategic decisions ranging from conflict to reconciliation have been driven by core national interests, particularly in the context of the 1998-2000 boarder war and the subsequent peace agreement in 2018. By analyzing key diplomatic, security, and economic factors, the research explores the extent to which Ethiopia’s foreign policy toward Eritrea aligns with its broader national objectives. The findings contribute to understanding the interplay between national interest and foreign policy in the Horn of Africa, offering insights into the dynamics of conflict resolution and regional diplomacy.
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    THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION: EXPLORING CONTRIBUTING FACTORS & YOUTH MORAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HAWZEN TOWN, TIGRAY
    (Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) ATAKLTI AREGAWI HAGOS
    This qualitative research explores the ethical implications of alcohol addiction, focusing on the contributing factors and the moral responsibilities of youth in Hawzen town, Tigray, in the aftermath of conflict. Employing a qualitative case study design, the research integrates both primary and secondary data sources, utilizing interviews, focus group discussions, and observations as data-gathering tools. The study sets out four key objectives: to analyze youths' perceptions of the effects of alcoholism, explore factors leading to alcohol addiction, investigate the consequences of addiction on moral responsibility, and identify preventive mechanisms against alcohol addiction in the local youth population. The findings reveal that many youths view alcohol consumption as a coping mechanism for trauma, while also recognizing its adverse implications on their lives and responsibilities. Social, economic, and cultural factors significantly contribute to the prevalence of alcohol use among youth, with a lack of mental health support exacerbating the situation. The impact of addiction on moral responsibility underscores a critical ethical dilemma faced by youth, characterized by feelings of guilt and the need for rationalization, highlighting the importance of moral education and community support. The study concludes with recommendations for community-centered prevention initiatives, including educational programs and the establishment of youth support groups, aimed at fostering resilience and addressing the psychological and social needs of the affected population. Overall, the research underscores the urgent need for integrated approaches to mitigate alcohol addiction's effects and promote ethical responsibility among the youth of Hawzen town in the post-war context. .
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    THE WORK ETHICS OF PUBLIC SERVANTS IN CHOLE WOREDA HEALTH OFFICE, EAST ARSI ZONE, OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE
    (Mekelle University, 2024-10-21) SEIFUDIN SILESHI
    Ethics is identified by the Ethiopian government as one of the areas requiring attention and is made an integral part of the ongoing Civil Service Reform Program. Work ethics is a necessary point in the proper and ethical way of implementing the responsibilities and services to be given as expected to satisfy customers in the work place. This study aims to assess the Work Ethics of Public Servants in Chole woreda Health Office, East Arsi Zone. The study used qualitative research method and purposive sampling technique. Primary qualitative data were collected by employing in-depth interviews, observation, document reviews and focus group discussions to generate data from participants of the study that comprised Chole woreda health office head, work process owners in the sector, public servants of chole woreda health office, experts, public servants and service takers in the Chole Woreda Health Office. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic data analysis. The major findings of the study show that leadership, organizational structure, controlling system, recruitment selection problem and training were factors affecting employee work ethics. That is, factors related to leadership attitude towards employee work ethics, lack of attention and lack of commitment towards its support and follow up. The other factors are related to public servants that comprised lack of willingness towards following work and professional ethics, lack of full commitment for work and profession, being late to come and go out early even called locally as (4:9) entering at four o’clock and going out of office at nine o’clock. Most of the time, public servants in the interview complained the mismatch between salary and working hours, there existed clearly lack of work ethics in which fundamental changes were not yet realized. It is also found out that there were problems in the weak implementation and enforcement of the work ethics in the work place followed by absence of strong institutions, poor accountability system, poor remuneration and politicization of the public service. The other findings of the study revealed that the issue of work ethics in the Chole Woreda Health Office lack sound practice in which there were public servants including professionals of health that were unpunctual in their work place and time. As a result, customers that came for health services were complaining for the absence of good governance and lack of control and responsibilities. For instance, it was difficult to get sector head himself and work process owners at his office at the regular time to tell their grievance than occupied by meeting by woreda administration and its sector heads. Likewise, as far as work ethics of public servants and even professionals were concerned, there existed lack of fully discharging their responsibilities or than committing corruption or misuse of public power in taking bribes, nepotism and embezzlement in the employment and career development. The problems for all these were lack of strict rules and regulations to be applied in the sector. The consequences were acting unethically in using public power for private purpose and as a result, still the people of the Woreda were keeping the unethical records of each public sector servants and professionals by naming and shaming. By the same token, the issues of ethical public service principles were not more than written on the paper than being implemented practically by experts and public servants that starts from punctuality to commitment for the public based service delivery. The study recommends the Chole Woreda Administration and Health Office should give due attention to implement the true nature of work ethos or ethics practically and take corrective measures on those who act unethically. Therefore, the study recommends organization administrator be supposed to involve employees in key decision making and create a relationship where employees can be open and free, management should support the employees and work together with employees in ensuring the procedures, code of conduct and processes are well understood and followed.
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    A RESEARCH THE MAJOR CHALLENGES ON THE RIGHTS OF WORKERS AT THE TANNERY TREATMENT FACTORY: A CASE OF MOJO FRIENDSHIP TANNERY INDUSTRY
    (Mekelle University, 2024-08-28) SABA FIKADU
    The study was conducted with the objective of assessing the major challenges in the treatment of the rights of factory workers: the case of Mojo Friendship Tannery Industry .The research was conducted in Modjo, specifically at Friendship Tannery Industry. In addressing this objective, the study has looked into working conditions along with recruitment process, working hours, wage, and leave and safety provision. In addition, the study assesses the existence of responsible bodies towards improving the working conditions and protecting the rights of employees. The study found that the sector is one of the industries creating employment opportunities. However, the working environment at the industry is abusive with dire working conditions. This is despite the existence of adequate legal instruments at the national, regional and international level which protects employees from unfavorable working condition. The absence of responsible authoritative bodies protecting the rights of workers makes the realization of protecting the rights of employees at Modjo Friendship Tannery Industry far from realization. Therefore, addressing this problem has indispensable benefits to improve the treatment of the rights of factory workers in the country and contribute to understanding of this disastrous phenomenon. The aim of this research was to investigate effective engagement strategies to improve the qualities of the treatment of the rights of factory workers. It identified the most significant factors in the treatment of the rights of factory workers at Modjo Friendship Tannery Industry through questionnaire and interviews. From the total population of 300, 144 respondents were selected using Taro Yemane (1967) sample size determination formula. Data was gathered using questionnaire and interview from this sample of 144 randomly selected workers of Modjo Friendship Tannery Industry. Using statistical analysis; the research measured the collected data and draw conclusions and recommendations.
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    Examining the factors Contributing in youth criminal behavior in post war eastern Tigray: in the case of Hawzien town
    (Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) Kiros Haileslasie
    The main objective of this study was to explore examining the factors contributing in youth criminal behavior in the post-war context of Tigray, specifically focusing on the case of Hawzen town. The researcher employed quantitative and qualitative research approach. Descriptive case study strategy was also used to analyze data. To get the relevant data both primary & secondary source were applied. Questionnaires, Key informants interview, life history questions, document analysis and semi-structured interview were used as data gathering instruments to identify the dominant factors of youth’s crimes. In this research around 23 males and 4 females in a total of 27 respondents were participated. To select participants’ non probability sampling method and purposive sampling technique was used. Purposive sampling and cotta were employed to select from seven sub cities because all sub- cities are not assumed to be having similar attribute in the case of crime experience. Youths and diverse groups of people having with good knowledge and experience with the issue in the sub city were also purposefully selected as target population. According the findings of this study theft, hanging and physical violence were the most common and frequently committed crimes in the area. The major factors of youth criminal actions were also socio-economic factors like unemployment, peer pressure, drop out of schooling, addiction of alcohol and drug abuse are the dominant once. Lastly this study suggested as the government, judicial system, academic institutions, elders, religious leaders, NGOs, the general public and all stake holders should play their roles in crime prevention & reduction activities.
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    Assessment on Practice of good governance in Land administration at local rural area the case of Gerealtaworeda Tigray Regional state, Ethiopia.
    (Mekelle University, 2024-01-28) Kinfe GebruHailu
    This study assessed the practice of good governance in land administration on the pillars of good governance transparency, accountability, responsiveness, and figured out the challenges of good governance in the land administration.The design adopted was descriptive research design;Since the aim of this research was to assess the ongoing practice of good governance in land administration, it is descriptive types of research, because descriptive types of research is important for the study as it is of paramount importance to analyze several variables of good land governance in rural land administration, provide empirical justification, and collect original data. Beside it adopted mixed approach, a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research method. Qualitative research typically used to answer the research questions about the complex nature of the phenomenon as well as condition, often with a purposive of describing and understanding the phenomenon from the respondents’ point of view and quantitative approach also used in this study using questionnaire to collect primary data from the research participants. Beside the study used both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data was obtained through questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions, whereas secondary data involved reviewing literature and reports. The study also used both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Probability sampling specifically simple random sampling was used to prove all house holdes of the study got equal chance of being selected and use to select respondents from the three tibias’ households; no-probable sampling techniques was use to select key informant interviewers and focus group discussion participants. In addition to this the study also used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, whereas the qualitative were analyzed using thematic analysis. Finally this study found thatin some extent there were pracrice on the principles of good governancetransparency, accountability, and responsiveness but it is not enough. Beside to this there were challenges of good governance such as corruption, rent seeking behavior, lack of committed land administration officials, lack of qualified human power,, , lack of motivation to the land administration committees and land tribunals at all in land administration . Thuscreat awareness on the residents about the importantes of good governance in land and local development at all through Strengthening and motivating the land administration committees and land tribunals at the tabia and kushetworeda and complaint hearing offices through delivering ‘on job training’ and ‘off job training’, and revising the land law that dictates age based land allocation to the farmers, to family number based allocation that assures the need of the farmers, and solve the challenges of good governance by giving special attention to land administration, were stated as conclusion and recommendations in this study.Keywords:.