College of Law and Governance

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Assessment on Practice of good governance in Land administration at local rural area the case of Gerealtaworeda Tigray Regional state, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2024-01-28) Kinfe GebruHailu
This study assessed the practice of good governance in land administration on the pillars of good governance transparency, accountability, responsiveness, and figured out the challenges of good governance in the land administration.The design adopted was descriptive research design;Since the aim of this research was to assess the ongoing practice of good governance in land administration, it is descriptive types of research, because descriptive types of research is important for the study as it is of paramount importance to analyze several variables of good land governance in rural land administration, provide empirical justification, and collect original data. Beside it adopted mixed approach, a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research method. Qualitative research typically used to answer the research questions about the complex nature of the phenomenon as well as condition, often with a purposive of describing and understanding the phenomenon from the respondents’ point of view and quantitative approach also used in this study using questionnaire to collect primary data from the research participants. Beside the study used both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data was obtained through questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions, whereas secondary data involved reviewing literature and reports. The study also used both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Probability sampling specifically simple random sampling was used to prove all house holdes of the study got equal chance of being selected and use to select respondents from the three tibias’ households; no-probable sampling techniques was use to select key informant interviewers and focus group discussion participants. In addition to this the study also used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, whereas the qualitative were analyzed using thematic analysis. Finally this study found thatin some extent there were pracrice on the principles of good governancetransparency, accountability, and responsiveness but it is not enough. Beside to this there were challenges of good governance such as corruption, rent seeking behavior, lack of committed land administration officials, lack of qualified human power,, , lack of motivation to the land administration committees and land tribunals at all in land administration . Thuscreat awareness on the residents about the importantes of good governance in land and local development at all through Strengthening and motivating the land administration committees and land tribunals at the tabia and kushetworeda and complaint hearing offices through delivering ‘on job training’ and ‘off job training’, and revising the land law that dictates age based land allocation to the farmers, to family number based allocation that assures the need of the farmers, and solve the challenges of good governance by giving special attention to land administration, were stated as conclusion and recommendations in this study.Keywords:.
Regulations of commercial banks in Somaliland a critical examination of the law and practices: A CASE OF COMMERCIAL BANK OF SOMALILAND
(Mekelle University, 2024-06-21) Abdimalik kosar Mohamoud
One of the major actors in the banking are commercial banks there are different types of banks which central bank and commercial banks are the main ones. Therefore, this study was assisting the Somaliland commercial bank in developing, how to develop and make the commercial bank sector policy more inclusive and recommendations on how to provide commercial bank, while meeting the needs of the various actors; and development of a bank document based on findings and opportunities for commercial bank of Somaliland and other development partners to assist in development of an inclusive financial sectors in Somaliland. The report also provides a framework for capacity building for both commercial bank and central bank. The study takes a capacity and gaps for banking Somaliland, by identifying commercial banks opportunities, policy imperatives as well as regulatory barriers to exploit these opportunities. The study is based on literature review and field assessment to analyze access to commercial banks in Somaliland. The main purpose of this work is to assess the adequacy of the laws regarding the regulation of commercial banks in Somaliland. Especially emphasis to the regulation of commercial act to that end, international literatures and practice as well as the pertinent legislations commercial bank in Somaliland will be analyzed thoroughly. Moreover, in order to see the practice of commercial bank in light of the applicable laws, the prevailing practice in the sector will be assessed. In addition to analyzing of the legislations, this research paper will also use interviewees and analyzing of data rendered in relation to commercial bank.
THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIGRAY
(Mekelle University, 2024-06-25) Meron Masresha
This thesis examines the role of the media in promoting human rights. Central to the study is an effort to find out why the media decide to include human rights coverage as part of their programs as well as the portrayal of human rights elements in such programs. The main objective of this paper was to investigate and analyze the role of media in the promotion of human right in Tigray region. Accordingly, two major media organizations- Woyen newspaper and Wurayna Tigrigna magazine- were selected for the study. Both the interviews and documentary analysis provided data needed to answer the research questions. Findings from the interviews and the documentary reveal that the media do have a role to play in human rights promotion. Media organizations in Tigray are attempting to create awareness on human rights issues. Though they do not have regular columns on human rights agenda, they sometimes go to the extent of investigatory report. Despite these efforts, media organizations are faced with multiple challenges ranging from restrictive laws, lack of capacity in terms of staff and lack of necessary financial resources to do more on human rights. Accordingly, to achieve better contribution to the human rights situation in Tigray, there must be revisions of some of the laws; the linkage between human rights institutions and the media must be improved; and media should be supported with technical support (capacity building) and financial support
A RESEARCH THE MAJOR CHALLENGES ON THE RIGHTS OF WORKERS AT THE TANNERY TREATMENT FACTORY: A CASE OF MOJO FRIENDSHIP TANNERY INDUSTRY
(Mekelle University, 2024-08-28) SABA FIKADU
The study was conducted with the objective of assessing the major challenges in the treatment of the rights of factory workers: the case of Mojo Friendship Tannery Industry .The research was conducted in Modjo, specifically at Friendship Tannery Industry. In addressing this objective, the study has looked into working conditions along with recruitment process, working hours, wage, and leave and safety provision. In addition, the study assesses the existence of responsible bodies towards improving the working conditions and protecting the rights of employees. The study found that the sector is one of the industries creating employment opportunities. However, the working environment at the industry is abusive with dire working conditions. This is despite the existence of adequate legal instruments at the national, regional and international level which protects employees from unfavorable working condition. The absence of responsible authoritative bodies protecting the rights of workers makes the realization of protecting the rights of employees at Modjo Friendship Tannery Industry far from realization. Therefore, addressing this problem has indispensable benefits to improve the treatment of the rights of factory workers in the country and contribute to understanding of this disastrous phenomenon. The aim of this research was to investigate effective engagement strategies to improve the qualities of the treatment of the rights of factory workers. It identified the most significant factors in the treatment of the rights of factory workers at Modjo Friendship Tannery Industry through questionnaire and interviews. From the total population of 300, 144 respondents were selected using Taro Yemane (1967) sample size determination formula. Data was gathered using questionnaire and interview from this sample of 144 randomly selected workers of Modjo Friendship Tannery Industry. Using statistical analysis; the research measured the collected data and draw conclusions and recommendations.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF MAINSREAM MEDIA IN PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE: THE CASE OF FANA FM 98.1 AND WALTA FM 105.3 RADIO IN ADISS KETEMA SUB_CITY, ADDIS ABABA
(Mekelle University, 2024-08-28) SINTAYEHU KIBRET
Although the mainstream media plays a key role in promoting good governance, it is also expose to various challenges. The purpose of this study was to assess challenges and opportunities of mainstream media in promoting good governance in cause of Fana and Walta FM radios, and objective was also to examine the Role of Mainstream Media in Promoting Good Governance the Case of Fana FM 98.1 and Walta Fm 105.3 Radio in Addis Ketema sub city, Addis Ababa. Descriptive survey study with mixed research approach i.e. Qualitative and quantitative was employed for this study. Purposive sampling and Data gathering instruments such as questionnaires, interview, and document analysis where employed. The data obtained through questionnaires was analysis using statically tools such as percentage and numerical by table.. And the data obtained through interview, data analysis and from semi structured questions where analyzed qualitatively description and narrations were made. The main content of the study is focused on surveying what their role is and what kind of problems they face in order to achieve good governance. The basic question of this research is what are the opportunities and problems faced by the media in achieving good governance. The main finding of the study indicates that the media often face various problems in their work to promote good governance, including not receiving the required information from the relevant authorities and not being able to provide information or Transparency problems, corruption and intimidation of journalist. This result shows that the media face problems in promoting good governance, which is challenge for them to fulfill the role expected of them in promoting good governance.
INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN ACTION IN THE CASE OF SHADGER: ASSESSING THE ENDEGAGN ETHNIC GROUP IN DINKULA TOWN, GURAGE ZONE CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-09-21) Desalegn Desta
This research assesses indigenous conflict resolution in Gurage ethnic groups. The study utilized primary sources of data such as key informants and secondary sources like books and journals/newspapers. The aim of the study is to identify the role of indigenous conflict resolution and examine the practice of indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms. The results show that indigenous conflict resolution in Gurage is carried out by elders, religious figures, family leaders, and neighborhood leaders. These are Baliq, Astaraqi, Tanakao, Qalkidan, Asefer baliq, Lemoshadger, Haymanot aboy and SHadger. When conflicts escalate and intensify, these individuals are responsible for settling disputes. Indigenous conflict resolution aims to resolve conflict, reduce tension, and rebuild social relationships in cases involving boundaries, grazing land, property theft, and family land distribution conflicts. The advantage of indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms is that they foster feelings of solidarity and discourage seeking revenge for group offenses. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms be passed down orally from generation to generation and that communities and governments need institutionalize these mechanisms for children.
THE WORK ETHICS OF PUBLIC SERVANTS IN CHOLE WOREDA HEALTH OFFICE, EAST ARSI ZONE, OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-21) SEIFUDIN SILESHI
Ethics is identified by the Ethiopian government as one of the areas requiring attention and is made an integral part of the ongoing Civil Service Reform Program. Work ethics is a necessary point in the proper and ethical way of implementing the responsibilities and services to be given as expected to satisfy customers in the work place. This study aims to assess the Work Ethics of Public Servants in Chole woreda Health Office, East Arsi Zone. The study used qualitative research method and purposive sampling technique. Primary qualitative data were collected by employing in-depth interviews, observation, document reviews and focus group discussions to generate data from participants of the study that comprised Chole woreda health office head, work process owners in the sector, public servants of chole woreda health office, experts, public servants and service takers in the Chole Woreda Health Office. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic data analysis. The major findings of the study show that leadership, organizational structure, controlling system, recruitment selection problem and training were factors affecting employee work ethics. That is, factors related to leadership attitude towards employee work ethics, lack of attention and lack of commitment towards its support and follow up. The other factors are related to public servants that comprised lack of willingness towards following work and professional ethics, lack of full commitment for work and profession, being late to come and go out early even called locally as (4:9) entering at four o’clock and going out of office at nine o’clock. Most of the time, public servants in the interview complained the mismatch between salary and working hours, there existed clearly lack of work ethics in which fundamental changes were not yet realized. It is also found out that there were problems in the weak implementation and enforcement of the work ethics in the work place followed by absence of strong institutions, poor accountability system, poor remuneration and politicization of the public service. The other findings of the study revealed that the issue of work ethics in the Chole Woreda Health Office lack sound practice in which there were public servants including professionals of health that were unpunctual in their work place and time. As a result, customers that came for health services were complaining for the absence of good governance and lack of control and responsibilities. For instance, it was difficult to get sector head himself and work process owners at his office at the regular time to tell their grievance than occupied by meeting by woreda administration and its sector heads. Likewise, as far as work ethics of public servants and even professionals were concerned, there existed lack of fully discharging their responsibilities or than committing corruption or misuse of public power in taking bribes, nepotism and embezzlement in the employment and career development. The problems for all these were lack of strict rules and regulations to be applied in the sector. The consequences were acting unethically in using public power for private purpose and as a result, still the people of the Woreda were keeping the unethical records of each public sector servants and professionals by naming and shaming. By the same token, the issues of ethical public service principles were not more than written on the paper than being implemented practically by experts and public servants that starts from punctuality to commitment for the public based service delivery. The study recommends the Chole Woreda Administration and Health Office should give due attention to implement the true nature of work ethos or ethics practically and take corrective measures on those who act unethically. Therefore, the study recommends organization administrator be supposed to involve employees in key decision making and create a relationship where employees can be open and free, management should support the employees and work together with employees in ensuring the procedures, code of conduct and processes are well understood and followed.
THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISMS: THE CASE OF ABALA WEREDA
(Mekelle University, 2024-10-28) Ebrahim Mohammed
A study was conducted among the Afar pastoralists of northeastern Ethiopia on local traditions of resolving inter-clan and inter-ethnic conflict. Qualitative data was collected using ethnographic tools such as Observations, Key Informant Interviews and focus group discussions. The findings of the study revealed an increasing trend in inter-clan conflict over the past 4-5 decades. The major source of conflict has been competition over scarce natural resources including grazing land and water. There are assemblies run by a council of elders representing different clans in north Afar based on age, wisdom, honesty and proper knowledge of local conditions selection. The indigenous institutions better addressed inter-clan and inter-ethnic conflicts do to participatory, transparent and flexible in their nature. Government politico-judiciary institutions such as the local court and security forces often played a facilitating role complementing traditional structures. The ritual of peace-making often involved compensation and the sharing of food and drinks to symbolize the end of animosity between conflicting parties. The fact that the Afar has now been sedentarizing because of economic, social, and political pressures has had negative impacts on inter-clan conflicts and the way such conflicts have been handled. Sedentary life resulted in further fragmentation of Afar culture and social organization and the breakup of traditional pastoral institutions upon which strong economic and social support networks will be built. The paper finally recommends an adequate recognition of traditional peace-making institutions with possible integration of the formal and informal institutions for sustainable peace and security in the area.
THE ROLES AND CHALLENGES OF WORLD VISION ETHIOPIA IN POVERTY REDUCTION AT LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE OF YABELLO WOREDA, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE
(Mekelle University, 2024-11-28) ABERA NEGASA TEMECHA
The Study assessed the roles and Challenges of WVE in poverty reduction in Yabelo Woreda . The Study employed descriptive research design and mixed research method and data was collected through questionnaire, interview and document review to generate the required data. The Primary source of data for this study were the beneficiary of WVE. These include VSLA group’s, leader, NGO’s workers and coordinators Borena Zone and Yabelo Woreda Women’s and Child affairs office heads and experts Community facilitators,Yabelo Woreda Administration and Kebele leaders. The data obtained from the study participants were analyzed quantitatively. The purposive sampling techniques used to collected qualitative data and sample random techniques used to collected quantitative data in this research. The researcher used 156 beneficiaries 12 from WVE workers and 10 Yabelo woreda Women and Children affairs experts’ respondents to collect quantitative data in this study. Finally, the qualitative data was analyzed in this study by using simple descriptive data analysis through percentage, frequency and and tables, and qualitative data that that collected from14 key informant were simply presented with interpretations of their meaning, reflections and providing direct quotes from the speakers. The findings indicate that there are certain critical problems which affect poverty reduction activities of WVE. Most of the problems are related to WVE stake holders, foreign headed funds, lack of human resources for each programs, lack of existence of good governance, lack of cooperation and embezzlement among WVE workers. The study suggests that there is need for WVE stake holders to overcome on the challenges of their organization faced and should have discharged their responsibilities. The study also recommended solutions include WVE Organization and stack holders should be free from Corruption and have to establish a good cooperation among themselves.
Assessment of Challenges and Prospects of Good Governance in post-war era in Tigray region: the case of Seharti Woreda Administration
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) Girmay kidanu
Good governance has become a key agenda of development discourse in the world in general, and Africa in particular. Ethiopia, too, does not deviate from this global fashion. Accordingly, due to their closeness to the citizen, local governments are required to give timely service to the people under their administrative jurisdiction. Similarly, gijjet Town Administration, tashi and mykana local administration has this mandate for their residents; however, there are wide public grievances regarding the accountability and transparency, rule of law, effectiveness, responsiveness of local authorities and corruption especially after the war. This study tries to assess the challenges and prospects of good governance in postwar in seharti woreda selected areas. For the sake of achieving the objective of the study, descriptive research method was used. To determine sample respondents purposive and convenience sampling techniques are used. Quantitative data was gathered through questionnaire. Pertinent to qualitative information, structured interview and FGD are employed. Then after, data collected and analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods. The major findings of the paper identified that lack of transparency and accountability, ineffectiveness in providing service and existence corruption as major challenges of good governance among other. Based on the findings, it is conclude that the current good governance practice in local and Town Administration is weak. This research argues for the existence of governance, which ensure public engagement in decision-making, and prioritization of shared problems, accompanied by transparent and accountable manner.
Factors Affecting Women's Participation in Leadership and Decision Making in Bizet Woreda, Tigray, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) Hadera Kahsay
Women have been faced different challenges to participate in leadership position, due to different factors. Practically as we know, there were less women leaders than men leaders both at country and organizational level. The purpose of this study is to assess the factors that hinder women’s participation on leadership, in Bizet woreda, Tigray, Ethiopia. The data were collected by questionnaire, and interview via considering a purposive sampling for the qualitative interviews, while a stratified random sampling method was used for survey. The data was described through inferential statistics techniques. The find of the study reviled that women were found having interest to upgrade in the field of leadership profession. With few of them were interested to expert. The finding also identified major hindering for women participation on leadership such as personal, socio-cultural, and educational. Effectively applying quota system and gender sensitive planning were found to be the first and second effective mechanism that help decision-makers and raise women participation in leadership. Finally, the recommended mechanisms which for women leadership empowerment are, raising and bringing attitudinal change be undertaken by Woreda administrative offices through training, experience share and workshops, modifications in selection and placement criteria, giving quota to compete with men, family and home responsibility can be minimized by having family-friendly policies to improve the pressures of home responsibility.
CHALLENGES TO ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION FROM GOOD GOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVE: THE CASE OF ABUNA GINDEBERET WOREDA, WEST SHOA
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-17) DIRIBA GUDETA EJETA
This study deals with the Challenges to Administrative Decentralization from Good Governance Perspective in Abuna Gindeberet Woreda of Oromia Regional state. The main objective of the study is assessing how challenge to administrative decentralization from good governance perspective and the research were conducted on the woreda purposefully selected in Abuna Gindeberet woreda. iv The study employed both qualitative and quantitative data were used to collected from the people of the area and key informants were also selected for interview. In to pursue the objective of the study, the researcher used Primary data collected through questionnaires, interview, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and observations, while secondary data obtained from document analysis. The descriptive analysis made revealed that woreda are on the way striving to achieve governance practically in their local government. The simple random sampling method was finally used to identify sample respondents from the local people for the purpose of administering questionnaire. Totally 168 samples were taken as a sample for the purpose of this study. Questionnaires were distributed to the sample population of 168, and15 interviewees were purposefully chosen from woreda administrative council, woreda council, kebele council and kebele administrative. The study utilized frequencies, percentages and tables. The challenges result from numerous pitfalls, such as the low status of service delivery, responsiveness, efficiency, effectiveness and accountability of cabinets and councils. The status of transparency of local government is also low in the study area. Accordingly, the findings demonstrate the low level of service delivery, accountability, transparency and responsiveness. The findings indicate that there are certain critical problems which affect practice of exercise good governance in the current Abuna Gindeberet woreda. Most of the problems are related to: the participation of the local people in decision making process is very low, both the woredas and kebeles administration have the authority to plan over their matters in spite planning and implementation capacity is very low, the low capacity of the woreda in public service expenditures makes poor the woredas service delivery status and responsiveness. Recommended solutions include: Strengthening the process of decentralization at the local government level and providing adequate powers along with capacity building trainings at the lower levels of administrative units can promote good governance in the study area. All of these are intervening factors that overshadow the decentralization process, which in turn weakens the woreda’s performance in exercising good governance. Therefore, it is recommended that the woreda and kebeles be very transparent, responsive and free from any unnecessary intervention. The woreda and kebele must be sensitive to public interest; legal backing from the woreda administration is also necessary to make councils strong, autonomous and powerful.
The Role of Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus in Conflict Resolution: The case of Guduru Woreda of Oromia Regional state, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-17) Bodana File
Conflict is an unavoidable and an inseparable part of the social structure. Since, it is a social event that could happens everywhere, we need to search the way to handle, manage and resolve through peaceful mechanisms. Thus, this study assessed the positive the role of Ethiopian Evangelical Church of Mekane Yesus can play in conflict resolution like: teaching or preaching about the importance of peace, advocate for the truth, bring the conflicting parties in to agreement to reconcile, teaches the members to live by Bible principles, teaches the followers about the negative consequences of conflict and etc. The study design was analytical qualitative approach. This research design is selected because of it focuses on understanding or describing systematically the social phenomenon by collecting detailed data through interviews, Focus group discussions and document analysis method within the study area. Semi-structured, key informant interviews and Focus Group discussion with participants allowed the researcher to gain insights from participants. Twenty four (24) informants were participated in the study whereas eight (8) for interview and sixteen (16) included in Focus Group Discussion with two rounds. These informants were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Key informant interviews, FGD and document analysis were utilized for data collection mechanism. Data was collected from primary sources by key informant interviews and FGD and from secondary sources by document analysis. The study also examined different conflict resolution mechanisms and its effectiveness that the EECMY and leaders employed like: Negotiation, teaching and preaching, reconciliation, forgiveness, public pray, facilitation and etc. The study also analyzed some challenges that Ethiopian Evangelical Church of Mekane Yesus faces in conflict resolution activities like: unwillingness of the conflicting parties to come together to resolve their conflicts, political impact (interference) and the environmental situation (insecurity problems) that frequently arises around the study area mainly that hinders the Church from freely moving in the area to get involved in conflict resolution activities, lack of commitment of the leaders and etc. This study put forward recommendations for the concerned body and religious leaders. The Church must get involved in preventing and resolving conflict that arises in the people, The Church’s activities in conflict resolution must be encouraged for more effectiveness, the interaction between the Church and government must be further strengthened, there must be a public trust on Church’s activities and it is better to work in collaborate with other Religious institutions on conflict prevention and resolution activities and etc.
ASSESING THE ROLE OF “GEREB’’CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM; OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN RAYA AZEBO, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-17) ASEFU HAILU
In Ethiopia, a nation characterized by over 80 diverse ethnic groups, traditional conflict resolution mechanisms, such as the “Gereb’’ , play a crucial role in maintaining social harmony and stability. Unlike Western individualistic approaches, African communal living emphasizes collective responsibility in addressing conflicts. This study explores indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms in Raya Azebo Woreda, focusing on the traditional institution known as Gereb. The primary objective is to assess the effectiveness of Gereb in handling conflicts within the community. To achieve this, a qualitative research methodology was employed, collecting data from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were gathered through semistructured interviews and focus group discussions with key informants using open-ended questions. The research design used is case study. A purposive sampling technique was applied to ensure the collection of relevant and in-depth evidence. The study analyzes conflicts through the lens of community experiences, opinions, attitudes, and relationships while identifying the underlying reasons behind these conflicts. The findings indicate that the Gereb institution plays a significant role in resolving local disputes and contributing to the advancement of modern institutions. It fosters social harmony, peace, and security by bringing conflicting parties together and facilitating reconciliation. Moreover, it is a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative compared to modern judicial systems. To enhance its effectiveness, integrating Gereb with the formal court system is crucial, ensuring its decisions are legally recognized. However, challenges exist, including governmental mismanagement, generational shifts, and the influence of modernization, which threaten the institution's sustainability. Thus, policy interventions are needed to provide training, incentives, financial support, and formal recognition to strengthen this indigenous conflict resolution mechanism.
Examining the factors Contributing in youth criminal behavior in post war eastern Tigray: in the case of Hawzien town
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) Kiros Haileslasie
The main objective of this study was to explore examining the factors contributing in youth criminal behavior in the post-war context of Tigray, specifically focusing on the case of Hawzen town. The researcher employed quantitative and qualitative research approach. Descriptive case study strategy was also used to analyze data. To get the relevant data both primary & secondary source were applied. Questionnaires, Key informants interview, life history questions, document analysis and semi-structured interview were used as data gathering instruments to identify the dominant factors of youth’s crimes. In this research around 23 males and 4 females in a total of 27 respondents were participated. To select participants’ non probability sampling method and purposive sampling technique was used. Purposive sampling and cotta were employed to select from seven sub cities because all sub- cities are not assumed to be having similar attribute in the case of crime experience. Youths and diverse groups of people having with good knowledge and experience with the issue in the sub city were also purposefully selected as target population. According the findings of this study theft, hanging and physical violence were the most common and frequently committed crimes in the area. The major factors of youth criminal actions were also socio-economic factors like unemployment, peer pressure, drop out of schooling, addiction of alcohol and drug abuse are the dominant once. Lastly this study suggested as the government, judicial system, academic institutions, elders, religious leaders, NGOs, the general public and all stake holders should play their roles in crime prevention & reduction activities.
THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION: EXPLORING CONTRIBUTING FACTORS & YOUTH MORAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HAWZEN TOWN, TIGRAY
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) ATAKLTI AREGAWI HAGOS
This qualitative research explores the ethical implications of alcohol addiction, focusing on the contributing factors and the moral responsibilities of youth in Hawzen town, Tigray, in the aftermath of conflict. Employing a qualitative case study design, the research integrates both primary and secondary data sources, utilizing interviews, focus group discussions, and observations as data-gathering tools. The study sets out four key objectives: to analyze youths' perceptions of the effects of alcoholism, explore factors leading to alcohol addiction, investigate the consequences of addiction on moral responsibility, and identify preventive mechanisms against alcohol addiction in the local youth population. The findings reveal that many youths view alcohol consumption as a coping mechanism for trauma, while also recognizing its adverse implications on their lives and responsibilities. Social, economic, and cultural factors significantly contribute to the prevalence of alcohol use among youth, with a lack of mental health support exacerbating the situation. The impact of addiction on moral responsibility underscores a critical ethical dilemma faced by youth, characterized by feelings of guilt and the need for rationalization, highlighting the importance of moral education and community support. The study concludes with recommendations for community-centered prevention initiatives, including educational programs and the establishment of youth support groups, aimed at fostering resilience and addressing the psychological and social needs of the affected population. Overall, the research underscores the urgent need for integrated approaches to mitigate alcohol addiction's effects and promote ethical responsibility among the youth of Hawzen town in the post-war context. .
COMMUNITY-BASED CRIME PREVENTION IN MEKELLE CITY, THE CASE OF HADNET SUB-CITY
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) Gebreslassie Hagos Weldnigus
This paper assesses community based crime prevention in Mekelle city, Hadnet sub city. Community based crime prevention is one of the approaches to crime prevention. It arises due to the fact that the state cannot cope and prevent crime alone with help, support, and active participation of the community. This means that community has responsibility to prevent and reduce theft crime and to secure its own safety and citizens. the study has employed mixed research approach, based on primary and secondary data collected through key informants, Focus Group Discussions, in-depth interviews, both open and close ended questionnaire’s, document analysis and observation. Both probability and nonprobability sampling methods was used to select the study area and sample respondents. 60 sample respondents were used from the total population based on purposive sampling. And the data was drawn and analyzed by SPPS software to show the result, draw tables, percentage and frequency for its quantitative part and thematic analysis also used to qualitative. The study showed CBCP has reduced Crime and fear of crime; and it has also improved police community relations in the study area. Furthermore, the role of community participation is in good shape. Likewise, some of the stakeholders are playing a good role in crime prevention. On the other hand, some factors that hinder CBCP from playing its crime prevention role are identified: the presence of poor quality of education, unemployment, poverty, fear and anxiety, poor economy, lack of transparency and accountability, the war in Tigray, lack of integrity, loyalty, and lack of responsibility are some of them. The study has also portrayed some crime types that are tough to be prevented by community, ‘’hang’’, pickpocketing, robbery, receiving stolen goods, burglary, snatching. House breaking, auto theft, petty thefts are the common one. The study showed the presence of low legal protection against community members who participate in preventing crimes. Thus, the study suggests more involvement of the community and coordination between the community, local authorities and stakeholders is important in preventing theft and maximizing legal protection.
EXAMINE CHALLENGES OF REINTEGRATION TO WOMEN RETURNEE FROM SAUDI ARABIA: THE CASE OF HIRNA TOWN IN WESTERN HARARGHE ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) MELAKU MENGESHA W/HAWARIAT
Return migration is a dynamic and complex phenomenon which involves different participants with various backgrounds and experiences. The reintegration of women returnees into their communities and reunification with their families has become a major challenge especially in a society where the rate of women migration and returnees is high.The overall objective of this study is to examining the challenges of reintegration to women returnee migrants from Saudi Arabia in the case of Hirna town. To meet the objectives of the study, a qualitative research approach with descriptive design was employed to revealing the challenges of reintegration to women returnees. The study area and participants are selected using purposive sampling techniques. To collect primary data in-depth interview, observation and focus group discussion were employed. The study participants of this research are 10 women migrant returnees from Saudi Arabia in Hirna town.The qualitative data was analyzed through detailed description, narration and discussion to get in depth insight into the subject matter.The finding of the study implies that female returnees have faced socio-economic and psychological challenges of reintegration soon after their arrival to home country. Absence of employment opportunities and lack of regular incomes are among the economic challenges. Declining family care and support for the returnees, direct and indirect family pressure to remigration are the social challenges they have faced. The study also shows that, the reintegration process for female returnees was disorganized, not regular and did not help them to effectively reintegrate to the community. Based on the findings of the study it is conclude that female returnee migrants from Saudi Arabia had experienced different challenges with limited opportunities.
Women Participation in Leadership Position: the case of selected Public Organizations in Dinsho Town, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) Nigussie Bedada
Globally, dramatic progress is shown in number of women who participate in leadership positions. However, even though the extensive effort to increase the number of women in organizational leadership has been made, different researches on the participation rate of women in leadership shows modest results and there is scant knowledge and empirical evidence on status of women’s participation in leadership positions in Dinsho town and factors affecting it. Thus, the main objective of this study was to investigate the status of women’s participation in leadership positions in the case of some public organizations in Dinsho town. This study adopted descriptive and explanatory research designs and quantitative research approach. To obtain relevant data for the study, both primary and secondary data sources were employed. The primary data were gathered through self-developed questionnaires. 33 public organizations in Dinsho town were targeted in the research and 10 organizations were purposively selected from these organizations as samples. As such, 146 sample respondents were chosen from 244 employees of these ten purposively selected organizations through simple random sampling technique. The data collected was analyzed and presented using both descriptive and inferential statistics such as regression analysis. The study examined the status of women participation in leadership position and factors affecting it such as social-cultural, organizational and personal factors. The study finding revealed that the status of women participation in leadership position in the study area found to be at moderate level with the overall average mean score of 3.36. Moreover, the regression analysis results indicated that social-cultural, organizational and personal factors have a significant impact on women’s participation in leadership positions. Based on the finding, it is suggested that continued improvement is needed to increase women’s participation in leadership positions in organizations under investigation.
Analyzing the Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Safeguarding Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Ethiopia and Special Focus in Tigray
(Mekelle University, 2025-03-21) Hamelmal Gebrekiristos
This thesis critically examines the legal and institutional frameworks for the protection of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Ethiopia, with a special focus on the Tigray region. Despite hosting one of the largest IDP populations in Africa, Ethiopia lacks a comprehensive and binding legal and institutional framework dedicated to address the rights and needs of IDPs. This contrasts with the robust protections available to refugees under international law. The absence of constitutional provisions for conflictinduced displacement and the reservation placed by Ethiopia upon ratifying the Kampala Convention underscore these gaps. The research employed a qualitative Desk review analysis of international, regional, and national legal instruments, this thesis demonstrates that IDPs in Ethiopia particularly in Tigray are systematically left behind. Drawing upon field reports, agency publications, and academic commentary, this work identifies critical deficiencies in existing Ethiopian policies and legal mechanisms. It concludes that durable legal reform and institutional commitment are necessary to bridge the protection gap. This thesis affirms the urgent need for structural reforms to protect the dignity and rights of IDPs. Without comprehensive legal frameworks and operational institutions, displaced persons in Ethiopia and beyond will remain vulnerable to neglect, abuse, and statelessness within their own borders. The experience of Tigray must serve as a catalyst for rethinking IDP protection at all levels of governance.