College of Law and Governance

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A RESEARCH THE MAJOR CHALLENGES ON THE RIGHTS OF WORKERS AT THE TANNERY TREATMENT FACTORY: A CASE OF MOJO FRIENDSHIP TANNERY INDUSTRY
(Mekelle University, 2024-08-28) SABA FIKADU
The study was conducted with the objective of assessing the major challenges in the treatment of the rights of factory workers: the case of Mojo Friendship Tannery Industry .The research was conducted in Modjo, specifically at Friendship Tannery Industry. In addressing this objective, the study has looked into working conditions along with recruitment process, working hours, wage, and leave and safety provision. In addition, the study assesses the existence of responsible bodies towards improving the working conditions and protecting the rights of employees. The study found that the sector is one of the industries creating employment opportunities. However, the working environment at the industry is abusive with dire working conditions. This is despite the existence of adequate legal instruments at the national, regional and international level which protects employees from unfavorable working condition. The absence of responsible authoritative bodies protecting the rights of workers makes the realization of protecting the rights of employees at Modjo Friendship Tannery Industry far from realization. Therefore, addressing this problem has indispensable benefits to improve the treatment of the rights of factory workers in the country and contribute to understanding of this disastrous phenomenon. The aim of this research was to investigate effective engagement strategies to improve the qualities of the treatment of the rights of factory workers. It identified the most significant factors in the treatment of the rights of factory workers at Modjo Friendship Tannery Industry through questionnaire and interviews. From the total population of 300, 144 respondents were selected using Taro Yemane (1967) sample size determination formula. Data was gathered using questionnaire and interview from this sample of 144 randomly selected workers of Modjo Friendship Tannery Industry. Using statistical analysis; the research measured the collected data and draw conclusions and recommendations.
Analyzing the Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Safeguarding Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Ethiopia and Special Focus in Tigray
(Mekelle University, 2025-03-21) Hamelmal Gebrekiristos
This thesis critically examines the legal and institutional frameworks for the protection of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Ethiopia, with a special focus on the Tigray region. Despite hosting one of the largest IDP populations in Africa, Ethiopia lacks a comprehensive and binding legal and institutional framework dedicated to address the rights and needs of IDPs. This contrasts with the robust protections available to refugees under international law. The absence of constitutional provisions for conflictinduced displacement and the reservation placed by Ethiopia upon ratifying the Kampala Convention underscore these gaps. The research employed a qualitative Desk review analysis of international, regional, and national legal instruments, this thesis demonstrates that IDPs in Ethiopia particularly in Tigray are systematically left behind. Drawing upon field reports, agency publications, and academic commentary, this work identifies critical deficiencies in existing Ethiopian policies and legal mechanisms. It concludes that durable legal reform and institutional commitment are necessary to bridge the protection gap. This thesis affirms the urgent need for structural reforms to protect the dignity and rights of IDPs. Without comprehensive legal frameworks and operational institutions, displaced persons in Ethiopia and beyond will remain vulnerable to neglect, abuse, and statelessness within their own borders. The experience of Tigray must serve as a catalyst for rethinking IDP protection at all levels of governance.
ASSESING THE ROLE OF “GEREB’’CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM; OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN RAYA AZEBO, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-17) ASEFU HAILU
In Ethiopia, a nation characterized by over 80 diverse ethnic groups, traditional conflict resolution mechanisms, such as the “Gereb’’ , play a crucial role in maintaining social harmony and stability. Unlike Western individualistic approaches, African communal living emphasizes collective responsibility in addressing conflicts. This study explores indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms in Raya Azebo Woreda, focusing on the traditional institution known as Gereb. The primary objective is to assess the effectiveness of Gereb in handling conflicts within the community. To achieve this, a qualitative research methodology was employed, collecting data from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were gathered through semistructured interviews and focus group discussions with key informants using open-ended questions. The research design used is case study. A purposive sampling technique was applied to ensure the collection of relevant and in-depth evidence. The study analyzes conflicts through the lens of community experiences, opinions, attitudes, and relationships while identifying the underlying reasons behind these conflicts. The findings indicate that the Gereb institution plays a significant role in resolving local disputes and contributing to the advancement of modern institutions. It fosters social harmony, peace, and security by bringing conflicting parties together and facilitating reconciliation. Moreover, it is a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative compared to modern judicial systems. To enhance its effectiveness, integrating Gereb with the formal court system is crucial, ensuring its decisions are legally recognized. However, challenges exist, including governmental mismanagement, generational shifts, and the influence of modernization, which threaten the institution's sustainability. Thus, policy interventions are needed to provide training, incentives, financial support, and formal recognition to strengthen this indigenous conflict resolution mechanism.
ASSESSING CUSTOMARY CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISMS AMONG THE NUER IN JIOKOW WOREDA, THE GAMBELLA REGION, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-05-25) GATBEL REAK CHUOL
In Ethiopia, customary dispute resolution mechanisms address conflicts among clans, sub-clans, and families. Limited data existed on these practices in the Gambella region, particularly Jiokow Woreda. This study evaluated the customary conflict resolution mechanisms among the Nuer in Jiokow Woreda, focusing on their methods and effectiveness. Primary data were collected via focus group discussions (FGD), key informant interviews (KII), and non-participant observation, while secondary data were sourced from books, journal articles, and agency reports. Qualitative data from 22 key informants and 28 FGD participants knowledgeable about these mechanisms were analyzed thematically. Findings revealed conflicts stemmed from disputes over grazing lands, farmlands, cattle rustling, adultery, elopement, rape, weddings, dances, impregnation, divorce, leadership rivalries, status conflicts, drunkenness, firearm access, and cattle camp ownership. State politics, murders, and revenge killings, alongside population pressure and resource competition, intensified these issues. Resulting losses included looted cattle, destroyed crops, burned villages, and displaced populations, fracturing social bonds. Disputes were managed through customary methods—such as blood compensation with cattle, sefer shums’ courts, earth priests, leopard skin chiefs, village elders, and church leaders—and modern government systems, including criminal detention and enforced reparations. Though operating concurrently, these approaches lacked formal integration. Customary practices, valued for their indigenous roots, held greater local legitimacy. However, the parallel systems created a resolution gap. The government should assess Nuer Zone woredas, especially Jiokow, to integrate customary justice into regional legal frameworks, bolster social courts, host peace-building conferences, and devise effective strategies for sustainable peace and social harmony.
ASSESSING THE BEHAVIOR OF ETHIOPIAN FOREIGN POLICY FROM A NATIONAL INTEREST PERSPECTIVE: THE CASE OF ETHIOPIA-ERITREA RELATIONS
(Mekelle University, 2025-05-25) AMANIEL HADUSH
Ethiopian foreign policy has historically been shaped by the imperative of safeguarding national interests, including security, economic development, and regional stability. By employing a qualitative analysis grounded in realism and national interest theory, the research explores how Ethiopia has prioritized and balanced political, economic, and security interests in its approach to Eritrea from the post-independence period to the present. It seeks to assess the extent to which Ethiopia's foreign policy decisions concerning Eritrea are driven by the pursuit and protection of its core national interests, such as security, economic development, and regional influence. By examining key historical junctures, policy shifts, and diplomatic engagements, the research analyzes the interplay of domestic and external factors shaping Ethiopia's strategic choices. It deals how Ethiopia’s strategic decisions ranging from conflict to reconciliation have been driven by core national interests, particularly in the context of the 1998-2000 boarder war and the subsequent peace agreement in 2018. By analyzing key diplomatic, security, and economic factors, the research explores the extent to which Ethiopia’s foreign policy toward Eritrea aligns with its broader national objectives. The findings contribute to understanding the interplay between national interest and foreign policy in the Horn of Africa, offering insights into the dynamics of conflict resolution and regional diplomacy.
Assessing the Socio-Economic Challenges of Unemployment in Waliso Town; Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-03-25) GEMECHU TESHOME
Unemployment is a macroeconomic problem that affects people most directly and severely. Young people are more vulnerable to unemployment than Adults due to different factors. The aim of this thesis was to Assess the Socio-Economic Challenges of Unemployment in Waliso Town; Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. To realize this, qualitative methods were implemented. Data have been collected through interview, focus group discussion, observation and document analysis. Using non probability sampling techniques, 33 females and 30 male participants were involved in the study. Data was categorized and analyzed based on their similarity in relation to the question provided in the study. Thus, the result of the study reveals that the major challenges of un employments in the study area was limited job opportunities, limited access to financial resources, misguided educational policy, corruption, job preferences, and lack of work experience was another challenges of unemployment in the study area The study recommended that Expanding manufacturing and industry sector, Changes in the Education system at national level, Assistance on Self-employment, Introduction of new governmental measures initiatives. finally forwarding for further study on the issue was recommended.
Assessment of Challenges and Prospects of Good Governance in post-war era in Tigray region: the case of Seharti Woreda Administration
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) Girmay kidanu
Good governance has become a key agenda of development discourse in the world in general, and Africa in particular. Ethiopia, too, does not deviate from this global fashion. Accordingly, due to their closeness to the citizen, local governments are required to give timely service to the people under their administrative jurisdiction. Similarly, gijjet Town Administration, tashi and mykana local administration has this mandate for their residents; however, there are wide public grievances regarding the accountability and transparency, rule of law, effectiveness, responsiveness of local authorities and corruption especially after the war. This study tries to assess the challenges and prospects of good governance in postwar in seharti woreda selected areas. For the sake of achieving the objective of the study, descriptive research method was used. To determine sample respondents purposive and convenience sampling techniques are used. Quantitative data was gathered through questionnaire. Pertinent to qualitative information, structured interview and FGD are employed. Then after, data collected and analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods. The major findings of the paper identified that lack of transparency and accountability, ineffectiveness in providing service and existence corruption as major challenges of good governance among other. Based on the findings, it is conclude that the current good governance practice in local and Town Administration is weak. This research argues for the existence of governance, which ensure public engagement in decision-making, and prioritization of shared problems, accompanied by transparent and accountable manner.
Assessment on Practice of good governance in Land administration at local rural area the case of Gerealtaworeda Tigray Regional state, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2024-01-28) Kinfe GebruHailu
This study assessed the practice of good governance in land administration on the pillars of good governance transparency, accountability, responsiveness, and figured out the challenges of good governance in the land administration.The design adopted was descriptive research design;Since the aim of this research was to assess the ongoing practice of good governance in land administration, it is descriptive types of research, because descriptive types of research is important for the study as it is of paramount importance to analyze several variables of good land governance in rural land administration, provide empirical justification, and collect original data. Beside it adopted mixed approach, a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research method. Qualitative research typically used to answer the research questions about the complex nature of the phenomenon as well as condition, often with a purposive of describing and understanding the phenomenon from the respondents’ point of view and quantitative approach also used in this study using questionnaire to collect primary data from the research participants. Beside the study used both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data was obtained through questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions, whereas secondary data involved reviewing literature and reports. The study also used both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Probability sampling specifically simple random sampling was used to prove all house holdes of the study got equal chance of being selected and use to select respondents from the three tibias’ households; no-probable sampling techniques was use to select key informant interviewers and focus group discussion participants. In addition to this the study also used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, whereas the qualitative were analyzed using thematic analysis. Finally this study found thatin some extent there were pracrice on the principles of good governancetransparency, accountability, and responsiveness but it is not enough. Beside to this there were challenges of good governance such as corruption, rent seeking behavior, lack of committed land administration officials, lack of qualified human power,, , lack of motivation to the land administration committees and land tribunals at all in land administration . Thuscreat awareness on the residents about the importantes of good governance in land and local development at all through Strengthening and motivating the land administration committees and land tribunals at the tabia and kushetworeda and complaint hearing offices through delivering ‘on job training’ and ‘off job training’, and revising the land law that dictates age based land allocation to the farmers, to family number based allocation that assures the need of the farmers, and solve the challenges of good governance by giving special attention to land administration, were stated as conclusion and recommendations in this study.Keywords:.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF MAINSREAM MEDIA IN PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE: THE CASE OF FANA FM 98.1 AND WALTA FM 105.3 RADIO IN ADISS KETEMA SUB_CITY, ADDIS ABABA
(Mekelle University, 2024-08-28) SINTAYEHU KIBRET
Although the mainstream media plays a key role in promoting good governance, it is also expose to various challenges. The purpose of this study was to assess challenges and opportunities of mainstream media in promoting good governance in cause of Fana and Walta FM radios, and objective was also to examine the Role of Mainstream Media in Promoting Good Governance the Case of Fana FM 98.1 and Walta Fm 105.3 Radio in Addis Ketema sub city, Addis Ababa. Descriptive survey study with mixed research approach i.e. Qualitative and quantitative was employed for this study. Purposive sampling and Data gathering instruments such as questionnaires, interview, and document analysis where employed. The data obtained through questionnaires was analysis using statically tools such as percentage and numerical by table.. And the data obtained through interview, data analysis and from semi structured questions where analyzed qualitatively description and narrations were made. The main content of the study is focused on surveying what their role is and what kind of problems they face in order to achieve good governance. The basic question of this research is what are the opportunities and problems faced by the media in achieving good governance. The main finding of the study indicates that the media often face various problems in their work to promote good governance, including not receiving the required information from the relevant authorities and not being able to provide information or Transparency problems, corruption and intimidation of journalist. This result shows that the media face problems in promoting good governance, which is challenge for them to fulfill the role expected of them in promoting good governance.
CHALLENGES TO ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION FROM GOOD GOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVE: THE CASE OF ABUNA GINDEBERET WOREDA, WEST SHOA
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-17) DIRIBA GUDETA EJETA
This study deals with the Challenges to Administrative Decentralization from Good Governance Perspective in Abuna Gindeberet Woreda of Oromia Regional state. The main objective of the study is assessing how challenge to administrative decentralization from good governance perspective and the research were conducted on the woreda purposefully selected in Abuna Gindeberet woreda. iv The study employed both qualitative and quantitative data were used to collected from the people of the area and key informants were also selected for interview. In to pursue the objective of the study, the researcher used Primary data collected through questionnaires, interview, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and observations, while secondary data obtained from document analysis. The descriptive analysis made revealed that woreda are on the way striving to achieve governance practically in their local government. The simple random sampling method was finally used to identify sample respondents from the local people for the purpose of administering questionnaire. Totally 168 samples were taken as a sample for the purpose of this study. Questionnaires were distributed to the sample population of 168, and15 interviewees were purposefully chosen from woreda administrative council, woreda council, kebele council and kebele administrative. The study utilized frequencies, percentages and tables. The challenges result from numerous pitfalls, such as the low status of service delivery, responsiveness, efficiency, effectiveness and accountability of cabinets and councils. The status of transparency of local government is also low in the study area. Accordingly, the findings demonstrate the low level of service delivery, accountability, transparency and responsiveness. The findings indicate that there are certain critical problems which affect practice of exercise good governance in the current Abuna Gindeberet woreda. Most of the problems are related to: the participation of the local people in decision making process is very low, both the woredas and kebeles administration have the authority to plan over their matters in spite planning and implementation capacity is very low, the low capacity of the woreda in public service expenditures makes poor the woredas service delivery status and responsiveness. Recommended solutions include: Strengthening the process of decentralization at the local government level and providing adequate powers along with capacity building trainings at the lower levels of administrative units can promote good governance in the study area. All of these are intervening factors that overshadow the decentralization process, which in turn weakens the woreda’s performance in exercising good governance. Therefore, it is recommended that the woreda and kebeles be very transparent, responsive and free from any unnecessary intervention. The woreda and kebele must be sensitive to public interest; legal backing from the woreda administration is also necessary to make councils strong, autonomous and powerful.
COMMUNITY-BASED CRIME PREVENTION IN MEKELLE CITY, THE CASE OF HADNET SUB-CITY
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) Gebreslassie Hagos Weldnigus
This paper assesses community based crime prevention in Mekelle city, Hadnet sub city. Community based crime prevention is one of the approaches to crime prevention. It arises due to the fact that the state cannot cope and prevent crime alone with help, support, and active participation of the community. This means that community has responsibility to prevent and reduce theft crime and to secure its own safety and citizens. the study has employed mixed research approach, based on primary and secondary data collected through key informants, Focus Group Discussions, in-depth interviews, both open and close ended questionnaire’s, document analysis and observation. Both probability and nonprobability sampling methods was used to select the study area and sample respondents. 60 sample respondents were used from the total population based on purposive sampling. And the data was drawn and analyzed by SPPS software to show the result, draw tables, percentage and frequency for its quantitative part and thematic analysis also used to qualitative. The study showed CBCP has reduced Crime and fear of crime; and it has also improved police community relations in the study area. Furthermore, the role of community participation is in good shape. Likewise, some of the stakeholders are playing a good role in crime prevention. On the other hand, some factors that hinder CBCP from playing its crime prevention role are identified: the presence of poor quality of education, unemployment, poverty, fear and anxiety, poor economy, lack of transparency and accountability, the war in Tigray, lack of integrity, loyalty, and lack of responsibility are some of them. The study has also portrayed some crime types that are tough to be prevented by community, ‘’hang’’, pickpocketing, robbery, receiving stolen goods, burglary, snatching. House breaking, auto theft, petty thefts are the common one. The study showed the presence of low legal protection against community members who participate in preventing crimes. Thus, the study suggests more involvement of the community and coordination between the community, local authorities and stakeholders is important in preventing theft and maximizing legal protection.
ETHIOPIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY: CHALLENGE AND IMPLICATIONS, SINCE 2018
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-25) BAYE BERIE
Security is a fundamental aspect of human life. Ethiopia faces significant internal and external security challenges, resulting in an unpredictable future for the nation. This paper aims to discuss the major national security challenges in Ethiopia and their implications. Using a descriptive and qualitative approach, the research analyzes data gathered from primary and secondary sources. The findings reveal a range of domestic challenges, including ethnic clashes, leadership crises, inadequate political liberalization, poverty, indecent implementation of federalism, religious fundamentalism, unhealthy media practices, and the absence of an advanced democratic political system along with a national consensus on various issues. Externally, challenges arise from geopolitical rivalries, hydro-political tensions, and the involvement of foreign actors. The study explores the implications of these challenges, such as economic decline, diminished state power, regional destabilization, and the potential for state failure. However, it also highlights opportunities for transformation, suggesting that facing these challenges could lead to a deeper understanding of the behaviors and interests of various groups pave the way for genuine national dialogue, and prompt necessary economic, political, and security reforms. Given the severity of these challenges, Ethiopia’s future appears precarious. To address these issues, the study recommends collaborative efforts among the government, professionals, opposition parties, citizens, and relevant stakeholders to establish a transitional government, promote good governance and the rule of law, strengthen national dialogue and reconciliation, enhance economic development and poverty alleviation, and foster regional and international cooperation.
EXAMINE CHALLENGES OF REINTEGRATION TO WOMEN RETURNEE FROM SAUDI ARABIA: THE CASE OF HIRNA TOWN IN WESTERN HARARGHE ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) MELAKU MENGESHA W/HAWARIAT
Return migration is a dynamic and complex phenomenon which involves different participants with various backgrounds and experiences. The reintegration of women returnees into their communities and reunification with their families has become a major challenge especially in a society where the rate of women migration and returnees is high.The overall objective of this study is to examining the challenges of reintegration to women returnee migrants from Saudi Arabia in the case of Hirna town. To meet the objectives of the study, a qualitative research approach with descriptive design was employed to revealing the challenges of reintegration to women returnees. The study area and participants are selected using purposive sampling techniques. To collect primary data in-depth interview, observation and focus group discussion were employed. The study participants of this research are 10 women migrant returnees from Saudi Arabia in Hirna town.The qualitative data was analyzed through detailed description, narration and discussion to get in depth insight into the subject matter.The finding of the study implies that female returnees have faced socio-economic and psychological challenges of reintegration soon after their arrival to home country. Absence of employment opportunities and lack of regular incomes are among the economic challenges. Declining family care and support for the returnees, direct and indirect family pressure to remigration are the social challenges they have faced. The study also shows that, the reintegration process for female returnees was disorganized, not regular and did not help them to effectively reintegrate to the community. Based on the findings of the study it is conclude that female returnee migrants from Saudi Arabia had experienced different challenges with limited opportunities.
Examining the factors Contributing in youth criminal behavior in post war eastern Tigray: in the case of Hawzien town
(Mekelle University, 2025-02-21) Kiros Haileslasie
The main objective of this study was to explore examining the factors contributing in youth criminal behavior in the post-war context of Tigray, specifically focusing on the case of Hawzen town. The researcher employed quantitative and qualitative research approach. Descriptive case study strategy was also used to analyze data. To get the relevant data both primary & secondary source were applied. Questionnaires, Key informants interview, life history questions, document analysis and semi-structured interview were used as data gathering instruments to identify the dominant factors of youth’s crimes. In this research around 23 males and 4 females in a total of 27 respondents were participated. To select participants’ non probability sampling method and purposive sampling technique was used. Purposive sampling and cotta were employed to select from seven sub cities because all sub- cities are not assumed to be having similar attribute in the case of crime experience. Youths and diverse groups of people having with good knowledge and experience with the issue in the sub city were also purposefully selected as target population. According the findings of this study theft, hanging and physical violence were the most common and frequently committed crimes in the area. The major factors of youth criminal actions were also socio-economic factors like unemployment, peer pressure, drop out of schooling, addiction of alcohol and drug abuse are the dominant once. Lastly this study suggested as the government, judicial system, academic institutions, elders, religious leaders, NGOs, the general public and all stake holders should play their roles in crime prevention & reduction activities.
Factors Affecting Women's Participation in Leadership and Decision Making in Bizet Woreda, Tigray, Ethiopia.
(Mekelle University, 2025-01-28) Hadera Kahsay
Women have been faced different challenges to participate in leadership position, due to different factors. Practically as we know, there were less women leaders than men leaders both at country and organizational level. The purpose of this study is to assess the factors that hinder women’s participation on leadership, in Bizet woreda, Tigray, Ethiopia. The data were collected by questionnaire, and interview via considering a purposive sampling for the qualitative interviews, while a stratified random sampling method was used for survey. The data was described through inferential statistics techniques. The find of the study reviled that women were found having interest to upgrade in the field of leadership profession. With few of them were interested to expert. The finding also identified major hindering for women participation on leadership such as personal, socio-cultural, and educational. Effectively applying quota system and gender sensitive planning were found to be the first and second effective mechanism that help decision-makers and raise women participation in leadership. Finally, the recommended mechanisms which for women leadership empowerment are, raising and bringing attitudinal change be undertaken by Woreda administrative offices through training, experience share and workshops, modifications in selection and placement criteria, giving quota to compete with men, family and home responsibility can be minimized by having family-friendly policies to improve the pressures of home responsibility.
Impaccts of tigray war on Irregular youth migration in Adigudem town Tigray region, Ethiopia
(Mekelle University, 2025-11-17) Araya Meresa Hagos
Nowadays, irregular migration has become a universal social problem. Irregular migration is one of the most pressing agendas at this time. A more striking, however, is the steady rise of involvement of irregular youth migration. Thousands of youth have joined the risky migration process and remain part and parcel of the migration crisis. This research presented a brief survey of the degree of irregular migration of youth, causes and risks of the migration, coping mechanisms employed and interventions made by the government to halt the problem. It includes a mixed research approach, both quantitative and qualitative. The researcher purposively selected four districts and four kabeles .two from each district were purposively selected. The primary data were collected in the field through questionnaires, interview, FGD, and document analysis. To strengthen the primary collected data, the researcher utilized different official reports, documents and studies of governmental and nongovernmental organizations. Then, the collected data was analyzed using thematic data analysis technique. Consequently, the findings show that the involvement of irregular youth migration is high. Serious problem but compared to adults, it is more sever and exaggerated in youth aged greater than 17 years old. The structural factors that force irregular migrants are mainly; poverty and unemployment, lack of access to land, and lack of educational schools. The pull factors that attract them abroad include ample job opportunities, high ,wages and salaries. Furthermore, the findings also show, in addition to the structural causes, there are also significant trigger factors that exacerbate or full the flow of irregular migration. It include, direct and indirect family and, peer pressure, smugglers and traffickers, brokers,.. The defenseless youth being physically unable to face the risks/challenges of irregular migration process remained vulnerable to different risks and hazardous conditions that emanated from the atrocious and long journey of crossing deserts, jungles and oceans. In the journey the youth migrants loss their live from thirty and hunger. In addition irregular youth migrants face detention, ,,, financial and labor exploitation, abuse and all forms of violence both along the hazardous journey. Thus, the research recommends the government and other stake holders devise a viable policy and strategy that ensure that citizens in general and women and boys in particular emancipate themselves from abject poverty, have better job and economic conditions, have descent life and focus on their education only. Moreover, stake holders, enables to ensure job opportunity in the town to reduce youth migration.
INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN ACTION IN THE CASE OF SHADGER: ASSESSING THE ENDEGAGN ETHNIC GROUP IN DINKULA TOWN, GURAGE ZONE CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2024-09-21) Desalegn Desta
This research assesses indigenous conflict resolution in Gurage ethnic groups. The study utilized primary sources of data such as key informants and secondary sources like books and journals/newspapers. The aim of the study is to identify the role of indigenous conflict resolution and examine the practice of indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms. The results show that indigenous conflict resolution in Gurage is carried out by elders, religious figures, family leaders, and neighborhood leaders. These are Baliq, Astaraqi, Tanakao, Qalkidan, Asefer baliq, Lemoshadger, Haymanot aboy and SHadger. When conflicts escalate and intensify, these individuals are responsible for settling disputes. Indigenous conflict resolution aims to resolve conflict, reduce tension, and rebuild social relationships in cases involving boundaries, grazing land, property theft, and family land distribution conflicts. The advantage of indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms is that they foster feelings of solidarity and discourage seeking revenge for group offenses. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms be passed down orally from generation to generation and that communities and governments need institutionalize these mechanisms for children.
INTERFAITH DIALOGUE AND ITS ROLE IN PEACE BUILDING PARTIES, AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN RAYA AZEBO WEREDA, SOUTHERN TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
(Mekelle University, 2025-05-25) HAYELOM GEBRE
This thesis explores the role of interfaith dialogue in peace-building and conflict resolution between Orthodox Christians and Muslims in Raya Azebo Woreda, Ethiopia. The primary objective is to examine how interfaith dialogue contributes to reconciling disputing parties and fostering peaceful coexistence in a religiously diverse context. Specific objectives include analyzing the impact of community-based religious values on relationships among believers, assessing the mechanisms of community faith-based institutions in peace-building, and investigating their effectiveness in promoting collaboration among different faiths. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology, the study employs personal observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions to gather insights from key participants, including local religious leaders and community peace builders. The findings reveal that interfaith dialogue significantly aids conflict prevention and reconciliation at the community level. It highlights the vital role of faith-based actors, such as “አአአአ”s, “አአአአአ”s, and “Debartes,” in facilitating dialogue and fostering mutual respect among diverse religious groups. The significance of this research lies in its potential to inform policymakers and community leaders about the constructive role of interfaith dialogue in promoting long-term peace and social cohesion. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of integrating peace education into curricula in conflict-affected regions. The study concludes that the ongoing practices of interfaith dialogue in Raya Azebo Woreda demonstrate a tradition of religious tolerance and communal harmony, underscoring the potential of faith-based initiatives in building a peaceful society.
Regulations of commercial banks in Somaliland a critical examination of the law and practices: A CASE OF COMMERCIAL BANK OF SOMALILAND
(Mekelle University, 2024-06-21) Abdimalik kosar Mohamoud
One of the major actors in the banking are commercial banks there are different types of banks which central bank and commercial banks are the main ones. Therefore, this study was assisting the Somaliland commercial bank in developing, how to develop and make the commercial bank sector policy more inclusive and recommendations on how to provide commercial bank, while meeting the needs of the various actors; and development of a bank document based on findings and opportunities for commercial bank of Somaliland and other development partners to assist in development of an inclusive financial sectors in Somaliland. The report also provides a framework for capacity building for both commercial bank and central bank. The study takes a capacity and gaps for banking Somaliland, by identifying commercial banks opportunities, policy imperatives as well as regulatory barriers to exploit these opportunities. The study is based on literature review and field assessment to analyze access to commercial banks in Somaliland. The main purpose of this work is to assess the adequacy of the laws regarding the regulation of commercial banks in Somaliland. Especially emphasis to the regulation of commercial act to that end, international literatures and practice as well as the pertinent legislations commercial bank in Somaliland will be analyzed thoroughly. Moreover, in order to see the practice of commercial bank in light of the applicable laws, the prevailing practice in the sector will be assessed. In addition to analyzing of the legislations, this research paper will also use interviewees and analyzing of data rendered in relation to commercial bank.
Securing Informal Financial Institutions “equb”: Assessment of Legal and Practical Challenges
(Mekelle University, 2025-06-17) Hadas Tekulu Belay
n Ethiopia in general and Tigray in particular informal financial institutions are vast and play significant roles in the socio-economy. Equbs are among the informal financial institutions that are very common throughout the country and they serve both as saving and credit institutions. Equbs have evolved from very small grouping of friends and families for saving and consumption purposes into big institutions with significant financial transactions for commercial activities. Financial transactions of equb associations are traditionally managed through customary laws including the articles of association, guarantee agreement, attendance book and registration book. These customary laws do not give full guarantee to the security of the financial transactions of the equbs. As result of this, a research work was initiated with an objective to investigate the customary laws, legal and practical challenges in ensuring security of financial transactions of the equbs in Kedamay weyane sub-city of Mekelle city in Tigray National Regional State. The research methodology employed descriptive study depended more on qualitative data from the written documents of the equb, government policy, Journals and interview results from the administrators of the selected informal financial institutions, lawyers, and focal group discussions were used to collect data and information so as to enhance the findings. Accordingly, the analysis of the results of the data and information obtained from interviews of members and leaders of 10 equb associations in kedamay weyane sub-city, relevant government officials and legal advisors from Mekelle, revealed that the customary laws including the articles of associations and guarantee agreements lack transparency and this led to abuse the money of the members by the organizers of the equbs. Besides, the equb associations inflict different kinds of social sanctions on defaulting members and leaders of the equb which led to demoralizing and alienation of the defaulters from the society. Moreover, the research work indicated that the big equb associations like that of Rahwa have huge financial transactions which is becoming very challenging in administrating them properly and securely through the common customary laws and these associations need to be secured legally by giving legal personality to the associations through modern governing laws. On the other hand, the small size equbs, which are very significant in number with less defaulting practices are not interested in obtaining legal personality fearing the very bureaucratic nature of the governmental laws.