College of Social Sciences and Languages
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Item Investigating English Teachers and Students Use of Tigrigna Language in English Classes of Ras Alula Aba Nega Secondary School Grade 10in Focus(Mekelle University, 2017-07-25) GEBREMEDHIN G/EGZIABHERItem AN ASSESSMENT ON EFL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILL, THE CASE OF MEKONI HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 11 STUDENTS ENGLISH CLASS IN FOCUS(Mekelle University, 2017-09-25) Hayelom FantayThe main purpose of this study was to assess students’ skills in writing paragraphs. The study was conducted at Mokoni high School at Mehoni Town. Descriptive case design was employed by the researcher to assess their paragraph writing skill. The participants of the study were grade 11 sample students and English language teachers of Mokoni high School. The researcher used simple random sampling method to select sample students and comprehensive method for sample teachers. So as to attain the objectives of this study, the study employed three data gathering instruments: content analysis, questionnaire and interview. Content analysis was employed to assess students’ paragraph writing skill. Thus, the researcher analyzed the paragraphs written by 35 students. The questionnaire was held with the students to crosscheck the data gained from content analysis and to collect further information on their paragraph writing skill. Furthermore, interview was made to triangulate the data gained from students and to gather information from teachers’ feedback in paragraph writing lessons. All the data collected using different instruments were analyzed qualitatively. The study identified the major paragraph writing problems that the students’ encountered. For example, organization, unity, punctuation, capitalization and spelling were the students’ problem in paragraph writing. In addition, students’ related factors like lack of knowledge of strategic use, lack of practice, and teachers’ related factors such as teachers’ ways of giving feedback factors were affecting students’ paragraph writing. Therefore, since paragraph writing is a skill that could be improved through regular practicing, students should have been given chance of learning and practicing features of good paragraph to use them in paragraph writing effectively.Item ANALYSIES OF ERRORS INMECHANICS IN STUDENTS‘ WRITTEN WORK: GRADE 11 FRE SIWUAT SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS‘ IN FOCUS(Mekelle University, 2017-12-25) Ashenafi GubssaThe objective of this study was to analyze mechanics errors in grade 11students’ composition writing. The study was conducted at Fre Swuat Secondary School grade11 students in focus.To address the problem a descriptive survey research design was employed. To carry out the study, all the 7available English teachers were used together with 71 students using available sampling and simple random sampling techniques respectively. In order to attain the objectives writing test, document analysis, and semi-structured interview were used as data collection instruments. The writing test was applied to identify students’ composition writing ability in terms of mechanics (i.e. spelling capitalization and punctuation) and the common errors occurred frequently in the students’ composition writing. The document analysis was used to discover the sources of errors and the semi-structured interview was used to find out the sources and frequency of students errors. Moreover, all data collected using different tools were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The data which was collected using writing test was used to show the rater’s average score of the students’ composing ability in terms of mechanics and to analyze the errors obtained in the students’ composition by frequency, percentage and mean quantitatively. And the data that was gathered using document analysis and semi-structured interview was analyzed qualitatively. The study identified the components of mechanics (spelling, capitalization and punctuation)errors that students’ encounter. As a result according to the raters average score,Fre Siwuat Secondary school students composing ability was low (poor), Errors of capitalization, punctuation, together with omission, substitution, and addition of letters in words and sentences were severe errors observed in students’ compositions and documents. But from these errors, error of capitalization and punctuation had the highest frequency. And the causes of the students’ errors were found to be inter lingual and intra lingual transfer errors. Therefore, since using correct mechanics in students compositionis an ability that could be improved through adequate practice, thus Fre Siwuat secondary school students should be given chance of learning and exercising a lot on spelling, capitalization and punctuationto effectively use them to write in their compositions, assignments etc.Item ASSESSING THE PRACTICE OF GRAMMAR THROUGH COMMUNICATIVE BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING IN GRADE 9TH. (IN MOMONA SECONDAREY SCHOOL) MEKELL, HAWELTI SUBCITY, SOUTH EAST OF TIGRAY REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2017-12-25) Senait GebruThe main objective of this study was Assessing the practice of grammar through communicative based Language teaching in grade 9th. (Momona Secondary school) Mekelel, Hawelti Sub city, South east of Tigray Regional state, the study conducted in 9thgrade with in three sections and the total population of the study were 720 students out of this,257 students and three English teachers were taken as sample size (total 260) and the sample students were selected using simple random sampling methods and the three English teachers and the three sections were selected using purposive sampling techniques. Besides, the researcher collected primary data through classroom observation, teachers’ interview and students’ questionnaire and they were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The finding showed that there is poor trend of implementing communicative based Language teaching as EFL teachers also didn’t properly practice communicative based Language teaching strategies in teaching grammar lessons for several reasons such as time allotment and student’s background. It is also found that some teachers attempted to implement communicative based Language teaching occasionally, that is, when the topic and the situations are suitable to apply it and communicative based Language teaching techniques like group discussion, cooperative learning etc. Besides, teachers practiced communicative based Language teaching methods rarely by applying group work and questioning and answering and role playing, debating writing and other were not applied. It is found that teachers centered method tend to all aspects of grammar and Students also did not have initiation to participate in teaching learning process in grammar class. Furthermore, most serious factors affecting the implementation of communicative based Language teaching in the classrooms were identified those are, lack of time allotment for the course, absence of suitable classroom situation and learning equipment’ lack of training, for teachers less commitment for their responsibility, student’s lack of motivation and poor English language exposure. Therefore, it was concluded that EFL teachers and students of the school did not properly practice the methods suggested by different language experts. It was, therefore, recommended that teachers should be applied different communicative based Language teaching approach and techniques that are suggested by scholars to teach grammar and other language skills.Item ግቡእነት ትሕዝቶን ኣቀራርባን ኪናዊ ፅሑፋት መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ዓሽራይ ክፍሊ ብመንፅር ምምዕባለ ክእለት ንባብ(Mekelle University, 2017-12-25) ካልኣዩ ገብረመስቀል ተካኪናዊ ፅሑፋት ኣብ ዝተፈላለዩ ዛዕባታት ኣድሂቦምዝፀሓፊን ሰሓባይ ኣጠቓቕማ ቋንቋ ጎልሁ ዝረኣየሎምን ፀሓፍት እዮም። ኣብነት ልበ_ ወለዳት ፣ግጥምታትን ኪናዊ ዛንታት ይጥቀሱ። እዞም ፅሑፋት ካብቲ ሰሓባይ ባህርኦም ብዝነቅለ ከም መስተምሃሪ ዘገልግሉ ድርሳናት ምዃኖም ይእመነሎም። ምምሃር ምስትምሃር ቋንቋ እውን በዞም ድርሳናት እናተሓገዘ እንትኸይድ ኣብ ምምዕባል ክእለታት ቋንቋ ተምሃሮ ዝፃወቶ ግደ ዝለዓለ እዩ። ዕላማ እዚ መፅናዕቲ እውን ኣብ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ዓስራይ ክፍሊ ንምስትምሃር ንባብ ዝቐረቡ ኪናዊ ፅሑፋት ብመንፅር ምምዕባል ክእለታት ንባብ ተምሃሮ ዘለዎም ረብሓ ምፍታሽ እዩ። በዚ መሰረት ድማ ኣብ ዓስራይ ክፍልታት እናተምሃሩ ካብ ዘለው 600 ተምሃሮ ብዕሎም ሜላ ነቶም 60 ንመርኣያ ብምውሳድ መፅናዕቲ ተኻይድሎም።እቶም ንመርኣያ ዝተወሰዱ 60 ተምሃሮ ኣብ ክልተ ጉጅለታት(ጉጅለ ቃል ኪዳንን ጉጅለ ስምረትን)ብምምዳብ ፈተና ቅድመ ትምህርቲ ክወስዱ ተገይሩ። ብድሕሪኡ ነቶም ጉጅለ ቃልኪዳን በቶም ኪናዊ ፅሑፋት ነቶም ጉጅለ ስምረት ድማ ኪናዊ ዘይኮኑ ፅሑፋት ን3ተ ኣዋርሕ ንባብ ብተግባር ክመሃሩ ተገይሩ። ብምቕፃል ብትዕዝብቲ ክፍሊ፣ተምሃሮ ብዝቐረቡ ፈተናታት ብፅሑፋዊ መሕተትን መረዳእታታት ተኣኪቦም። እዞም መረዳእታታትን ድማ ተምሃሮ ጉጅለ ቃል ኪዳን ካብ ተምሃሮ ጉጅለ ስምረት ብዝበለፀ ኩነታት ናይ ንባብ ክእለታቶም እናማዕበሉ ከም ዝመፅኡ ዘመላኽቱ ነይሮም። ብዚ ድማ ኪናዊ ፅሑፋት አብ ምምዕባል ክእለታት ንባብ ተምሃሮ ዝለዓለ ረብሓ ከም ዘለዎም ኣብ መወዳእታ ተበፂሑ ።ስለዚ ኪኢላታት (ሰብሞያ) ዝኾኑ ስርዓተ ትምህርቲ ፣ኣሳናዳእቲ መፅሓፍቲ ፣ መምህራን... ኣብ ዝተዋፈሩሎም ዓዉድታት ነዚ ኣብ ግምት ብምእታዉ እንተዝነጥፉ ዝሓሽ እዩ።Item ዝምድና ዕላማታት ትምህርትን ምምሃር ባእታታት ንባብን ትግርኛ ተምሃሮ ታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ቤት ትምህርቲ ውቕሮ(Mekelle University, 2017-12-25) ሙሉፀሃይ ደስታ ኣረፋይኔእዚ መፅናዕታዊ ፅሑፍ ሒዝዎ ዝተልዓለ ቀንዲ ዕላማ ዝምድና ዕላማታት ትምህርትን ምምሃር ባእታታት ንባብን ትግርኛ ተምሃሮ ታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ቤት ትምህርቲ ውቕሮ እንታይ ከም ዝመስል ግምገማ ምክያድ እዩ። ነዚ መፅናዕቲ መረዳእታ ንምሃብ ዝተሓረዩ መርአያታት ድማ ተምሃሮ እዮም። መፅንዒ ኣብ ውቕሮ ካልኣይ ብርኪ ዝመሃሩ ተምሃሮ ካብ ሕድሕድ ክፍሊ ብዘለዎም በዝሒ ተመጣጣኒ ቁፅሪ ብምውሳድ ብምእታው ኣብ ታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ካብ ዝማሃሩ 376 ተምሃሮ እቶም 25% ዝገበረ ተጠቒሙ 94 ተምሃሮ ተሓርዮም እዮም። ካብ ተፀናዕቲ ኣካላት መረዳእታ ንምርእካብ ኣብ ግብሪ ዝወዓሉ መሳርሕታት ፅሑፋዊ መሕትት፣ ፅሑፋዊ ፈተና፣ ጉጅላዊ ምይይጥን ትዕዝብትን ንተምሃሮ እዮም። በዞም መሳርሕታት ዝተኣከቡ መረዳእታታት ድማ ተምሃሮ ኣብ ቤት ትምህርትን ካብ ቤት ትምህርቲ ወፃእን ብዛዕባ ዘለዎም ልምዲ ንባብ፣ ድሌት ንባብን ክእለቶም ኣብ ተግባር ናይ ምውዓል ብቕዓቶምን ንምፍታሽ ካብ ዝቐረቡ ሕቶታት ዝተረኸበ ውፅኢት ብሚኢታዊ ተሰሊሑ ዝቐረበ ኾይኑ ኣብ ዕላማታት ትምህርትን ምስትምሃር ባእታታት ንባብን ማእኸል ዘሎ ምዝማድ ንምፍላጥ ማእኸላይ ውፅኢት፣ መደበኛ ፍልልይን ስልሒት ዝምድናን ተሰሊሖም ተተንቲኖም ቀሪቦም እዮም። ውፅኢት እዚ መፅናዕቲ ድማ ኣብዝሓ ተምሃሮ ኣብ ውሽጢ ቤት ትምህርቲ ብዝተፈጠሮ ውሱን ምችው ኩነታት ፅቡቕ ድሌት ንባብ ዋላ እንተሃለዎም ካብ ቤት ትምህርቲ ወፃኢ ዘድሊ ሓገዝ ስለዘይግበረሎም ልምዲ ንባብ ከምዘየማዕበሉን ዕላምኡ ብዝግባእ ከምዘይተረደኦምን ናይ ወለድን መምህራንን ሓገዝ ከምዘድልን ዝብሉን ካልኦትን በዚ መፅናዕቲ ዘተነፀሩ ርካቦታት እዮም። ኣብ መወዳእታ ድማ ነዞም በዚ መፅናዕቲ ዝተነፀሩ ፀገማት መፅንዒት መፍትሒ ሓሳብ ክኾኑ ይኽእሉ እዮም ኢላ ዘኣመነትሎም ኣብዚ መፅናዕቲ ተሓቢሮም እዮም።Item ድህረ ምረቓ ብምስትምሃር ቋንቋ ትግርኛ ምትእስሳር ዕላማን ትሕዝቶን መርሃ ትምህርትን መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይን ቋንቋ ትግኛ ንታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ዝቐረበ ክእለት ፅሕፈት(Mekelle University, 2017-12-25) ኬርያ ኣዳነ ስጦታዕላማ እዚመፅናዕቲ ምትእስሳር ዕላማን ትሕዝቶን መርሃ ትምህርቲን መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይን ቋንቋ ትግርኛ ንተሸዓይ ክፍሊ ክእለት ፅሕፈት እዩ፡፡ እዚ መፅናዕቲ ፅሑፍ ንሜላታት መአከቢ መረዳእታ ቃል መሕተትን መምህራን ተፍትሽ ሰነድን ጉጅላዊ ዘተ ንመምህራን ቋንቋ ትግርኛ ብምጥቓም አድለይቲ መረዳእታታት ተአኪቦም እዮም፡፡ አብዚ መፅናዕቲ መምህራን ቋንቋ ትግርኛ ተሸዓይ ክፍሊ ተሳተፍቲ ኮይኖም እዮም፡፡ አብዚ ዝተረኸበ ውፅኢት ድማ መፅናዕትን ትሕዝቶአዊ ጉቡእነት እዚ ተፀንዓይ መፅሓፍ ትሕቲ ፍርቂ ማለት ዘዕግብ ውፅእት ኮይኑ ተመዝግቡ አሎ፡፡ ተረኺቦም ዘለው ርካቦታት መፅናዕቲ ናብ ግብሪ ንምውዓል ብፍላይ አብያተ ትምህርቲ፣ ሰብ ሞያ ቋንቋ ትግርኛ፣ በቢብርኪ ዘለው ምድላውን ትግበራን ስርዓተ ትምህርቲ፣ ካልኦት መዳርግቲ አካላትን ልምዲ ልውውጥ ክለሳ መፅሓፍን ብምግባር አብ ምዕባይ ጥበባዊ ክእለት ፅሕፈት እጃሞም ክዋፅኡ ይላቦ፡፡Item ግቡእነት ኣደላልዋ መጠቓለሊ ፈተና ቋንቋ ትግርኛ መምህራን ታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ፉሉይ ትኩረት ቤት ትምህርቲ ካልኣይ ብርኪወልዱ ንጉሰ ኲሓ ብመንፅር ዕላማ ትምህርቲን ደረጃ ክፍልን(Mekelle University, 2018-02-25) ነጋሲ ታደሰ ሃይሉዕላማ እዚ መፅናዕቲ እቶም ኣብ 2016ዓም ሰሚስተር መጠቓለሊ ፈተናታት ኣብ ኣደላልዋ ግቡእነት ፈተና እንታይ ከምዝመስል ዝድህስስ እዩ። ኣብዚ መፅናዕቲ ኣርባዕተ መምህራን ታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ዘምህሩ ብመይላ ጠቐላላ ተወሲዶም ። 144 ተምሃሮ ታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ብቐሊል ዕፃ ተወሲዶም፣ ናይዚ መፅናዕቲ ዓይነቱ ድማ ዳህሳሳዊ እዩ። ነዚ መፅናዕቲ ኣብ ሽቶኡ ንምብፃሕ ዘድልዩ መሳርሒታት መረዳእታ ዳህሳስ ሰነዳት ፣ ቃለ መሕተት መምህራንን ፅሑፋዊ መሕተት ተምሃሮን እዮም። እቶም ዝተኣከቡ መረዳእታታት እውን ብዓይነታዊን መጠናዊን ሜላ ክትንተኑ ተገይሩ ብዳህሳስ ሰነዳት ፈተና ዝተኣከቡ መረዳእታታት ብሜይላ ገለፃ እንትትንተኑ ፤ ብፅሑፋዊ መሕትት ቃለ መሕትትን ዝርከቡ መረዳእታታት ድማ ብመይላ መጠናዊ ወይ ሓሳባዊ ስልሒት ተተንቲኖም ካብዚ መፅናዕቲ ዝተረከበ ውፅኢት ኣብ ዝተዳለዉ መጠቓለሊ ፈተናታት ንፁር መምርሒ ዘይምክታት ፣ኣብ ቀንዲ ሕቶን መማረፅን በቲ ግቡእ ኣደላልዋ ፈተና ብዘይ ምድላዎም ተፈተንቲ ከደናግሩ ዝግበር ሕቶ ምድላው፤ ከምኡ ውን እቶም ተወሰኽቲ ሕቶታት ኣብ ምረፅን ኣዛምድን ትኹረት ዝግበሩ ምኻኖም ነቶም ካልኦት ዓይነታት ፈተና ብሙልእነት ዘይምክታቶም ውድቀት ስለ ዝረእየካ እዩ ።ብተወሳኪ መምህራን ብበዝሒ ዝተጠቐሙሉ ትሕዝቶ ኣብ ሰዋስውን ስነ ፅሑፍን ስለዝኾነ ተምሃሮ ውስን ክእለት ክሕዙ ዝገብር ምኻኑ።ብመሰረት ዝተረኸበ ውፅኢት ዝተሰናድኡ መጠቓለሊ ፈተናታት ኣብ ኣደላልዋ ግቡእነት ፈተና ክፍተት ምህላው።ከምኡ ውን መምህራን አብ ኣደላልዋ ግቡእነት መጠቓለሊ ፈተና ትሑት ግንዛበ(ሸለልተኝነት) ምህላው፣ኣብ ዝተዳለው መጠቓለሊ ፈተናታት ተምሃሮ ክረኽብዎ ዝግባእ ውፅኢትን ግንዛበን ከምዘይረኸቡን ናይ መምርሒን ኣደላልዋን ክፍተት ከምዝነበሮም መደምደምታ ተዋሂቡ።ኣብ መወዳእታ ኣብ ኣደላልዋ ግቡእነት መጠቓለሊ ፈተና መምህራን ብቤት ትምህርቲ፣ ወረዳ፣ ብዞባ ይኹን ብክልል መዕበዪ ግንዛበ ንመምሀራን ብትኹረት ክወሃብ እንተዝግበርን ብተወሳኪ ውን መምህራን ባዕላቶም ብብርኪ ክላስተርን ብስርዓተ ትምህርቲን ዝዳለዉ ፈተናታት ግቡኣትን ዘይ ግቡኣትን ምኻኖም ትኹረት ተዋሂቡ እንተዝፍተሹ ፤ዝብሉን ካልኦትን መፍትሒ ሓሳባት ኣብ መወዳእታItem A Study on EFL Learners’ Awareness and Use of Vocabulary Learning Strategies: With Reference to Grade 10 Students at Masho Secondary School(Mekelle University, 2023-08-25) ASMELASH DESTAVocabulary is the base for English language in particular, and for other languages in general. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate grade 10 students’ awareness and use of vocabulary learning strategies in EFL classes at Masho Secondary School. To this end, the researcher employed the mixed approach both in collecting the data and analyzing them. The data were obtained from grade 10 students who were enrolled in 2012 E.C, and English teachers of grade 10 at the school using questionnaire and interview. As it was impossible to incorporate all students in this study, 113 (25%) out of the total population of 452 students were selected using simple random sampling method. Therefore, two sections with total students of113 were selected to fell the questionnaire, but one respondent did not return the questionnaire. As a result, the analysis is of the 112 respondents. Furthermore, six students were randomly selected for interview and two EFL teachers who were teaching English to the selected sections were selected for interview. The data obtained from the samples were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative techniques. The quantitative data were presented in frequency and percentage; whereas the qualitative data were presented thematically so as to consolidate the quantitative data. Finally, the findings of this study indicated that the students did not know many vocabulary learning strategies and did not think that these vocabulary learning strategies are important to increase their word power. The students employed only a few vocabulary learning strategies. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that teachers need to create awareness about vocabulary learning strategies and should give opportunities for their students to practice different vocabulary learning strategies.Item THE ROLE OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT ON EARLY CHILDHOOD ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: THE CASE OF KINDERGARTEN IN MEKELLE, TIGRAY ETHIOPIA(Mekelle University, 2024-06-21) Roman AlemayehuThis study investigates the role of parental involvement in children's academic performance in early childhood education. Conducted in Mekelle city, Ethiopia, with its diverse socio-economic context, the research focuses on Romanat Kindergarten. Utilizing a quantitative research approach and a descriptive design, data were collected from 141 kindergarten students and analyzed using a linear regression model. The model included fifteen independent variables and one continuous dependent variable representing academic performance. Findings reveal that higher parental education, especially of fathers, a supportive parent-child relationship, and effective parent-school communication significantly enhance children's academic performance. These results underscore the importance of strong partnerships between home and school environments. The study acknowledges limitations such as the small sample size and reliance on quantitative data, suggesting future research should incorporate larger samples and qualitative methods. Recommendations include educational programs for parents, initiatives to strengthen Parent-child relationships, enhanced parent-school communication, and policies to support Parental involvement in early childhood education.Item Exploring Methods and Teachers’ beliefs in Teaching Grammar in English Classrooms: Four Secondary Schools in Alamata Town in Focus(Mekelle University, 2024-09-25) Kassa Teka WodajoThe overall function of education is changing the behavior of the learners to make them play a proactive role in a changing world. If teachers are professionally competent, they will transmit knowledge, skills and attitudes. To strengthen this competency, the attention given to EFL teachers’ is paramount promising for their effective English language learning/teaching. Thus, this study aims at exploring the methods and teacher’ belief in teaching grammar. The study is descriptive in its design. Both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies were used. Based on convenience or available sampling techniques, 31 EFL teachers were selected as a sample in four secondary schools. The study also incorporated questionnaire, semi-structure interview and classroom observation as data gathering instruments. Out of 31 questionnaires distributed, all of them filled and were returned and analyzed using frequency counts and percentages having SPSS version 23 to process the data. The findings of the study revealed that majority of EFL teachers’ belief has an effect in teaching grammar in their actual classroom practice. It is also concluded that there is a strong relationship between teachers’ beliefs and their actual grammar teaching. Finally, it is recommend that timely, adequate and proper classroom observation should be arranged in the schools to guide EFL teachers on the right way. In addition, language development program for EFL teachers should be arranged so that teachers will have better exposure. Moreover, teachers should also pass through additional professional training to boost their effective and right way of teaching grammar in the actual classroom practices.Item AN EVALUATION OF THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR TASKS/ACTIVITIES: THE CASE OF ENGLISH G R A D E 1 1 T E X T BOOKAT MEKELLE UNIVERSITYCOMMUNITY SCHOOL(Mekelle University, 2024-11-25) AMANUEL GEBREMEDHINAn Evaluation of the Design and Implementation of communicative Grammar Tasks/ Activities: The Case of English Grammar Grade 11 Text Book at Mekelle University Community School Amanuel Gebremedhin Mekelle University, 2024 The purpose of this study was to examine an evaluation of the design and implementation of communicative grammar tasks and activities in Ethiopian context, specifically at Mekelle University Community School with regard to communicative grammar teaching. It was attempted to analyze the activities for various purposes; such as (a) whether they are designed and practiced at discourse level, (b) if they are form focused or communicative, (c)whether they are suitable for pair and group work, and (d) to identify them whether they are appealing to learners’ interest and needs. The subjects of the study were one hundred students selected by using stratified sampling technique. Two teachers who were offering English Grade 11 Text Book who were also taken as participants of the study. The data was collected through content analysis, observation, and students’ questionnaire. Ninety-eight questionnaires were returned and analyzed. The finding from each tool indicated that tasks and activities were designed at discourse level but implemented at isolated sentence level. The result also revealed that instruction of grammar lesson has a few transactions (recognizable start and finish, and there was recycling of the exchanges. Furthermore, it depicted that the tasks and activities are related to students’ personal information, experience and provide occasions for them to interact with each other, and lessons were supported by visual aids. Therefore, they are appealing to students’ interest and desires. Moreover, activities are suitable for either pair or group works. Consequently, teachers should make implementing grammar tasks or activities more communicative, discourse based and more contextualized. The teaching material is based on Communicative Language TeachingItem EFL TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND MOTIVATION REGARDING TEACHING WRITING (THE CASE OF HAGERE-SELAM SECONDARY SCHOOLS)(Mekelle University, 2024-11-25) GEZU GEBRE GEBRETATYOSThis study investigated the perceptions and motivation of EFL teachers regarding teaching writing. Through a survey of 14 teachers and 105 students aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges and motivations associated with teaching writing in an EFL context. The results indicated that EFL teachers generally view writing as an important skill to teach, with many reporting that it is essential for students’ overall language development. However, teachers also reported facing numerous challenges in teaching writing, including time constraints, lack of resources, and difficulty in assessing student progress. In addition to these challenges, the study also found that teachers’ motivation to teach writing varied widely. Some teachers reported feeling highly motivated to teach writing, citing factors such as student engagement and progress as motivating factors. However, other teachers reported feeling less motivated to teach writing, with some expressing frustration with the perceived lack of student interest or ability. Overall, the findings suggested that further support and training for EFL teachers in teaching writing may be beneficial. This could include providing teachers with additional resources and materials, as well as training in effective teaching strategies and assessment techniques. Additionally, the study highlighted the need for ongoing research on this area, in order to be understand the complex factors that influence EFL teachers’ perceptions and motivation regarding teaching writing.Item ግቡኡነት ኣዯላልዋ መልመዴታት ክእለት ሰዋሰው መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ቋንቋ ትግርኛ ብዯረጃ ታሽዒይ ክፍሊ(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) ይባልህ ዝበሎ ገ/ኪዲንማራ ፅሑፍ እዚ ኣዯላልዋ መልመዴታት ክእለት ሰዋሰው መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ቋንቋ ትግርኛ ታሽዒይ ክፍሊ ዝብል ኮይኑ ቀንዱ ዕላማ ናይዚ መፅናዕቲ ኣብዚ ዯረጃ ክፍሊ ዘለው መልመዴታት ሰዋሰው ኣዯላልኦም እንታይ ይመስል ግብእነቶም እንታይ ይመስል ንምፍታሽ ዝዒለመ መፅናዕቲ እዩ:: ኣዯላልዋን ግብእኖቶምን መልመዴታት ሰዋሰው እንታይ ይመስል? ዝብሉን ኣገዯስቲ ነጥብታት መሰረት ገይሩ ዝተልዒለ መፅናዕቲ እዩ:: ካብቲ ዝተረኽበ መረዲእታን ትንተናን ዝተርኣዩ ሕፅረታት ገሊኦም ምዕራፊት ጠቅላላ መልመዱ ሰዋሰው ዘይብሎም፣ ኣብቶም ምዕራፊት ዘለው መልመዴታት ሰዋሰው ተመጣጣንነት ዘይምህላው፣ በቢምዕራፍ ዝርከቡ መልመዴታት ግብእነቶም ምህላዎም፣ምስ ዒቅሚ ተምሃሮ ዘይመጣጠኑ ሕቶታት ምህላው፣ሽፊን ሰዋሰው ውሕዴ ምካን፣ ኣብ መንጎ እቶም መልመዴታት ሰዋሰው ተኽታታልነት ዘይምህላው፣ግልፂ ዘይኮኑን መሻመይትን ሕቶታት ምህላው እዩም::ነዞም ዝተጠቐሱ ክፍተታት ከም መፍትሒ ሓሳብ ዝተወሰደ ዴማ ኣብ ከሎም ምዕራፊት መልመዴታት ሰዋሰው ክካተቱ ተዝግበር፣ ኣብቶም ምዕራፊት ዘለው መልመዴታት ሰዋሰው ሽፊን ተመጣጢኖም ተዝዲለው፣ ናይቶም መልመዴታት ምዴግጋም ሰዋሰው ክቅንስ ተዝግበር ዝብሉ ይርከብዎም::Item ዕሊማ ምእታውን ግቡእነትኣቀራርባን ስነቃሊት መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ታሽዒይ ክፍሉ(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) ፀጋ መኮነን ሃይለማራ ሓሳብ እዙ መፅናዕቲ ኣብ ዕሊማ ምእታውን ግቡእነት ኣቀራርባን ስነቃሊት መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ታሽዒይ ከፍሉ ኮይኑ ብዋናነት ኣብዙ ዜኣተዉ ስነቃሊት ንምንታይ ዕሊማ ከምዜኣተዉን ግቡእነት ኣቃራርበኦም እንታይ ከምዜመስሌ ብምፍታሽ መፅናዕቲ ተኻይደ እዩ፡፡ እዙ መፅናዕቲ ንምክያዴ መበገሲ ዜኾነ ሓሳብ ኣብ ከይዱ ምምሃር ምስትምሃር ቋንቋ ትግርኛ ንምምሃር ዜኣተዉ ስነቃሊት ትኹረት አይግበረልምን ብዕሊማ ኣይኣተዉን ዜብሌ ሓሳብ ስሇ ዜቐርብን ነዙ ንምርግጋፅ ኣብ ተግባር ዜወዒሇ ዕሊማን ግቡእነት አቀራርብኡን ንምትንታን እዩ ፡፡ሜሊ ኣፀናነዒ ዴማ ኣገዯስቲ ሕቶታት ዜምሌሱ ካብ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ዲህሳስንዕምቆታዊ ንባብ መረዲእታ ተኣኪቦም እዮም ፡፡ ዜተኣከቡ መረዲታታት ብሜሊ መጠናውን ዒይነታውን ትንተና ተተንቲኖም ቀሪቦም እዮም ፡፡ ውፅኢት ናይዙ መፅናዕቲ ዴማ ዜተኻተቱ ዒይነታት ስነቃሊት መጠኖም ትሑት፣ብዒይነቶምን ብበዜሖምንይመጣጠኑ ምኻን፣ንፁር ዕሊማ ይምህሊዎም ፣ግቡእነት ኣቀራርበኦም ትሑት፣ትሕዜቶንምምሃር ዜኣተው ስነቃሊት ኣብ ስነሌሳን ምኻኑ ተረጋጊፁ እዩ፡፡ ኣብ መወዲእታ ኣብ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ዜኣተው ስነቃሊት በዜሖምን ዒይነቶምን ተመጣጠንቲ ክኾኑ ይግባእ ። ብፍሊይ ኣብ ምዴሊው መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ እትሳተፈ ኣብ ቋንቋ ትግርኛ ስነቃሊት ዕሊመኦም ተነፂሩ፣ክእሇታትንባእታታትን ቋንቋ መሰረት ገይሩ ንክዲሇው ንዜምሌከቶም ኣካሊት ተሓቢሩ እዩ፡፡Item Traumatic Experiences of War Surviving Children Residing in Mekelle Saba Kare Internally Displaced Center(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) Mearg Mehari AberaThis study examined the traumatic experiences of war surviving children residing in Mekelle’s Seba Kara internally displaced center, focusing on the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, associated factors, and resilience promoting factors. Employing a concurrent mixed method design, the research achieved a high response rate of 94.4% among 180 participants, including 85 children, 85 caregivers, and 12 professionals. The study focused on children aged 5 to 10. Simple random sampling was used to select both the children and their caregivers, while convenience sampling was used to select the professional participants. Data were gathered using validated PTSD and resilience measures, showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha values between .725 and .873). Findings showed a significant prevalence of PTSD, with 42.4% of children exhibiting severe symptoms. Major associated factors for PTSD included forced displacement, separation from parents, direct exposure to combat, and conditions of extreme poverty. However, resilience factors, such as supportive family relationships, community solidarity, and access to essential social resources, were critical in fostering resilience and protecting psychological distress. This study emphasized the crucial need for trauma-informed interventions and policies tailored to the unique needs of war affected children, supporting psychological recovery, healing and promoting long-term well-being in post-war Tigray.Item ግቡእነት ኣቀራርባ መሌመዴታት ቃሊት መፅሓፌ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ንታሽዒይ ክፌሉ(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) መብርሂት ገብረእግዙኣብሄር ገብረማራ ሓሳብ ቀንዱ ዕሊማ እዙ መፅናዕቲ ኣብ ግቡእነት ኣቀራርባ መሌመዱታት ቃሊት ቋንቋ ትግርኛ መፅሓፌ ተምሃራይ ንታሽዒይ ክፌሉ እዩ። እዙ ዕሊማ ተግባራዊ ንክኸውን ዜተመረፀ ስሌቲ ገሊፂ ሜሊ ኮይኑ፤ ብፌተሻ ሰነዴ ንዜተረኸቡ መረዲእታታት ብገሊፂ ሜሊ ተተንቲኑ ቀሪቡ ኣል። ፇተሻ ሰነዴ ኣብ መፅሓፌ ተምሃራይ፥ መምርሒ ንመምህርን መርሃ ትምህርቲን ሇዉ ቃሊት ብቀስቃሳይነትን ዜንባሇን፣ ብዴሕረ ባይታ ተምሃሮ፣ ብዒቕሚ ተምሃሮን እዋናወነት ትሕዜቶን ነቶም ቃሊተ ተፇቲሾም። ብመሰረት እዙ ዜተኻየዯ መፅናዕቲ ኣብ ግቡእነት ኣቀራርባ መሌመዱታት ቃሊት ኣወንታውን ኣለታውን ርካቦታት ውፅኢት መፅናዕቲ ተረኺቡ።Item ግደ ስነ ፅሑፋዊ ስራሕቲ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ዓሰርተ ኽልተ ክፍሊ ኣብ ምምዕባል ኽእለት ፅሕፈት(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) መንግስቱ ወልዱ ገብረማርያምማራ መፅናዕቲ እዚ መፅናዕቲ ኣብ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ንዓሰርተ ኽልተ ክፍሊ ዝቐረቡ ስነ ፅሑፋዊ ስራሕቲ ኣብ ምምዕባል ኽእለት ንዘለዎም ግደ ንምፍታሽ ዝዓለመ እዩ። ስነ ፅሑፍ ምስ ምስትሃር ቋንቋን ምስትምሃር ፅሕፈትን ብምርእኣይ ዘለዎም ምትእስሳር፣ ዓይነታት ስነ ፅሑፍ፣ ረብሓታት ስነ ፅሑፍ ብመንፅር ዕላማን ምምዕባል ኽእለትን ፅሕፈት ዝብሉ ተዳህሲሶም እዮም። ፍልፍል መረዳእታ ኰይኑ ዘገልገለ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ዓሰርተ ኽልተ ክፍሊ እንትኸውን ሜላ መአከቢ ሓበሬታ ድማ ፈተሻ ሰነድ ትግርኛ ዓሰርተ ኽልተ እዩ። እቶም ብፈተሻ ሰነድ ዝተኣከቡ ሓበሬታታት ድማ ብዓይነታዊ ተተንቲኖም ቐሪቦም እዮም። ኣብ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ንዓሰርተ ኽልተ ክፍሊ ዝቐረቡ ስነ ፅሑፋት ንምስትምሃር ፅሕፈት ዝተኸተልዎ መርኣያ ቋንቋ ዘለዎ ግቡእነትን ግደ ስነ ፅሑፋዊ ስራሕቲ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ዓሰርተ ኽልተ ክፍሊ ኣብ ምምዕባል ኽእለት ፅሕፈትን ተተንቲኖም እዮም። ካብ እቶም ኣብቲ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ዓሰርተ ኽልተ ክፍሊ ዝቐረቡ ስራሕቲ ስነ ፅሑፍ እቶም (19) ኣራእስ ንምምዕባል ኽእለት ፅሕፈት ኣስተዋፅኦ ዝገበሩ እዮም።Item ግቡእነት ምንባባት መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ዓሰርተ ሓደ ክፍሊ ኣብ ምምዕባል ክእለት ንባብ(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) ፅገ ገብረገርግስ ገብረማርያምማራ መፅናዕቲ እዚ መፅናዕቲ ግቡእነት ምምባባት መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ዓሰርተ ሓደ ክፍሊ ኣብ ምምዕባል ክእለት ምንባብ ዝብል ርእሲ ሒዙ ዝተበገሰ እዩ። በዚ መሰረት ነዚ ዝቀረበ ርእሲ መፅናዕቲ ንምዕዋት ድሕረባይታ መፅናዕቲ ብዝብል ርእሲዝተፈላለዩ ምሁራን ዝብልዎ ሓሳብ ብምውሳድ ገለፃ ተገይሩሉ እዩ። እዚ ርእሲ ብዋናነት ሰለስተ ቀንዲ ዕላማታት ንምዕዋት ማለት እውን ምንባባት ኣብ ምዕባለ ክእለት ንባብ ዘለዎ ምችውን እንታይ ይመስል ምንባባት ምስተሓንፀፁ ዕላማታት ዘለዎም ዝምድናን ትሕዝቶታትን። ምንባባት ንምዕባለ ክእለት ንባብ ዘለዎም ሰሓባይነት ከመይ ይረአ ዝብሉ ሒዙ ዝተልዓለ እዩ። ነዞም ቀንዲ ዕላማታት መልሲ ንምርካብ ድማ ዳህሳስ ሰነድ ከም መሳርሒ መአከቢ መረዳእታ ዝተጠቐመ እንትኸውን መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ዓሰርተ ሓደ ክፍሊ ዘለዉዎ ትሕዝቶታት ምንባብ ዝርዝር መዐቀንታት ሰደቓ ብምድላው ዳህሳስ ሰነድ ተኻይዱ። እዚ መፅናዕቲ ዓይነታዊ ሜላ መአከቢ መሳርሒ ዝኣከቦም መረዳእታታት ብመንፅር ዝርዝር ዕላማታቱ ኣብ ተመሳሳሊ ዕላማ ዘድሀቡ ሓሳባትናብሓደብምውህላል ዓይነታዊ ሜላ ትንተና ብምጥቃም ብዝርዝርሓሳባዊገለፃ ተተንቲኖም እዮም፡፡ ከም ውፅኢት ዝተረኸበ ቀንዲ ርካቦ እንትርአ ድማ ኣብ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ዓሰርተ ሓደ ክፍሊ ዘለዉ ምንባባት ኣብቲ ደረጃ ክፍሊ ንዝምሃሩ ተምሃሮ ክእለት ንባብ ንምዕባል ዘለዎም ምቹውነት ዝተሓተ ከም ዝኾነ፤ እዞም ትሕዝቶታት ምንባብ ተምሃሮ ክምሃሩዎም ምስ ዝተሓንፀፁ ዕላማታት ዘለዎም ዝምድና ፀገማት ከም ዘለዉዎ ብፍላይ ዝርዝርን ክዕቀኑ ዝኽእሉ ዕላማታት ኣብ ምቕማጥ ሕፅረታት ከም ዘለዉ፤ ከምኡውን እዞም ምንባባት እዚኦም ንምዕባለ ክእለት ንባብ ዘለዎም ሰሓባይነት ክንድቲ ዝድለ ሰሓባይ ከም ዘይኮነን ዘለዎም ተመሳሳሊ ኣቀራርባ ኣብ ተምሃሮ ናይ ምስልቻው ኩነታት ከምዝፈጥርን ነቲ ዝተደለየ ክእለት ቋንቋ ኣዘውቲሮም ናይ ምልምማድ ዕድል ንክንእስ ፅልዋ ከም ዘሕደረ ዝብሉ ወሰንቲ ውፅኢታት ተመዝጊቦም እዮም።Item ግቡእነት መልመድታት ኣንቢብካ ምርዳእ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ኣብ ምምዕባል ክእለት ዝርርብ(Mekelle University, 2025-01-25) ፅጌ መሰለማራ መፅናዕቲ እዚ መፅናዕቲ ኣብ መፅሓፍ ትግርኛ ታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ትሕዝቶታት ኣንቢብካ ምርዳእ ኣብ ምምዕባል ክእለት ዝርርብ ዘለዎም ግቡእነት እንታይ ከም ዝመስል ይፍትሽ። ቀንዲ ዕላማ እዚ መፅናዕቲ ኣብ መፅሓፍ ትግርኛ ታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ዝተቐመጡ ትሕዝቶታት ኣንቢብካ ምርዳእ ንምምዕባል ክእለት ዝርርብ ዘለዎም ግቡእነት ምፍታሽ እንትኸውን ኣብ ግንዛበ መልመድታት ንክእለት ዝርርብ ዝምልከት ምኳኑ ምፍታሽ ፤ዑደታዊ ደረጃታት ዝርርብ ብትሕዝቶታት ኣንቢብካ ምርዳእ ኣብ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ኣብ ምምዕባል ክእለት ዝርርብ ዘለዎ ኣስተዋፅኦ ምፍታሽ፤ዝምድና ኣንቢብካ ምርዳእን ምምዕባል ክእለት ዝርርብ ዘለዎም ግቡእነት ምፍታሽ ዝብሉ ድማ ዝርዝር ዕለማታት እዮም። ነዚ መፅናዕቲ ንክካየድ መልዐሊ ዝኾነ ሓሳብ ነዚ መምሃሪ መፅሓፍ ተጠቒምካ ከይዲ ምምሃር ምስትምሃር ኣብ ዝትግበረሉ እዋን ካብ መጀመርታ ክሳብ መወዳእታ ዘለዉ ናይ ኣንቢብካ ምርዳእ መልመድታት ንምምዕባልን ምስትምሃርን ክእለት ዝርርብ ሓገዝቲ ዘይኾንሉ ትዕዝብቲታት ብምህላዎም እዩ። ኣብዚ መፅናዕቲ ቀንዲ ተፀናዒ እቲ መፅሓፍ ባዕሉ እዩ። ብምሉእነት ሰነድ ፍተሻ ምስ ሳይንሳዊ ሓቅታት ዝተኣሰሰረ ትንተና ዘለዎ እዩ። ሰነድ ፍተሻ ሜላ መአከቢ መረዳእታ ኮይኑ እዚ ተፀናዕን ኣገባብ ኣተኣኻኽባ መረዳእታን ዕሉም ብዝኾነ ኣገባብ ዝተሓረዩ እዮም። እዚ መፅናዕቲ ዓይነታዊ እዩ። ዝበዝሑ መረዳእታታት ዓይነታዊ ብዝኾነ ኣገባብ እዮም ተተንቲኖም። እዚ እንትብሃል ኣብ መፅሓፍ ዘለዉ ናይ ኣንቢብካ ምርዳእ ትሕዝቶታት ምስ ዑደታዊ ደረጃታት ዝብሃሉ ሳይንሳዊ ኣመሃህራ ዝርርብ ብኣንቢብካ ምርዳእ እናተኣሰሰረ ዝቐረበ ትንተና እዩ። ክእለት ዝርርብ ኣብ ናይ ግንዛበ መልመድታት ዝምልከቱ ምኻኖም ንፅፅራዊ ብዝመስል ኣገባብ ተተንቲኑ። ናይዚ መፅናዕቲ ውፅኢት ብምንባብ ኣቢልካ ንክእለት ዝርርብ ኣብ ምስትምሃር ብጣዕሚ ዝንኣሰ ከም ዝኾነን ዝተውሃቦ ጠመተን እውን ምስቶም ካልኦት ክእለታት ቋንቋ ዝተመጣጠነ ኣይኮነን።አብ ኩሎም ናይዚ መፅሓፍ ምዕራፋት ናይ ቅድመ ንባብ ንጥፈታት ብዝግባእ ተግባራዊ ኮይኑ እዩ። ካልኣይ ዑደታዊ ደረጃ ምስትምሃር ዝርርብ ማለት እውን ብዕምቆት ምንባብ ብክፋል ተግባራዊ ዝኾነን ምሉእነት ዘይብሉን እዩ። እቶም ካልኦት ዑደታዊ ደረጃታት ማለት እውን ጉጅላዊ ዘተ፣ ውልቃዊ ገለፃ ምግባርን ሓፈሻዊ ነፀብራቕን ዝብሉ ኣብዚ መፅሓፍ ዝቐረቡ ናይ ኣንቢብካ ምርዳድእ መልመድታት ተግባራዊ ዘይገብር እዩ። ብሓፈሻ ናይ ግንዛበ መልመድታት ንክእለት ዝርርብ ኣብ ምምዕባል ዝንኣሰ ኣስተዋፅኦ ዘለዎም እዮም።ስለዚ መፅሓፍ ትግርኛ ኣብ ምሕታም ዝነጥፉን ብሓላፍነት ዝሰርሕ ትካል ቢሮ ትምህርቲ ትግራይን ካልኦት ውልቀ ኣካላትን ንባብ ሓደ ንክእለት ዝርርብ ንምስትምሃር ዝሕግዝ ዓብዪ ትሕዝቶ ከም ዝኾነ ብምግንዛብ ክሰርሑ፤ ዑደታዊ ደረጃታት ምስትምሃር ዝርርብ ብኣንቢብካ ምርዳእ ብኣግባቡ ክቐርቡን ኣብ መፅሓፍ ተምሃራይ ትግርኛ ታሽዓይ ክፍሊ ክቐርቡን ግቡእነት ክህልዎምን ኣለዎም ዝብል ርኢቶን ለበዋን መዳለዊት እዚ መፅናዕቲ ተቕርብ ትደሊ።